Chapter 19
Which of the following describes the M. tuberculosis cell wall?
-Contains cord factor -Contains waxes -Difficult to stain -Contains mycolic acid
Sinusitis is most commonly caused by which three of the following?
-Infections -Structural problems with nose -Allergies
The binding of influenza viruses to respiratory epithelial cells results in which of the following?
-Limited protection by cilia -Shedding of epithelial cells -Inflammation
Which of the following S. pyogenes virulence factors contribute to the bacterium's adhesiveness?
-M protein -hyaluronic acid capsule -lipoteichoic acid
What must an organism be able to do to cause pneumonia?
-Penetrate the lower respiratory tract -Survive the immune defenses
Which of the following describes M. tuberculosis?
-acid fast rod -long -thin -strict aerobe -generation time of 15-20 hours
in addition to rhinoviruses, identify other viruses that are major causes of the common cold.
-coronavirus -adenoviruses -respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
The signs and symptoms of secondary TB
-fatigue -weight loss -low grade fever -violent coughing -loss of appetite -bloody/green sputum -night sweats -chest pain
Which two population groups are most likely to experience extrapulmonary tuberculosis?
-immunosuppressed patients -young children
Primary TB may present with which of the following signs?
-mild fever - Formation of tubercles
The signs and symptoms of secondary TB do not include which of the following?
-nausea/vomiting -weight gain -clear sputum -high fever
Which of the following organs are most commonly involved in extrapulmonary TB?
-regional lymph nodes -kidneys -long bones -genital tract -brain -meninges
Identify the three types of tuberculosis.
-secondary -extrapulmonary -primary
Factors contributing to the virulence of S. pyogenes include which of the following?
-surface antigen mimicry of host proteins -superantigens
A distinction is often made between ________-associated pneumonia (HCAP) and _______-acquired pneumonia (CAP) because they are characterized by different modes of transmission and pathogenic agents.
1. Healthcare 2. Community
Pharyngitis caused by _______ tend to be mild and sometimes leads to hoarseness, whereas pharyngitis caused by ______ is usually more painful and includes fever, headache, and nausea.
1. Viruses 2.bacteria
In the Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast staining procedure, acid-fast organisms appear bright ______ against a(n) _____ background.
1.red 2.blue
Streptomycin was discovered in what year?
1943
H1N1 caused a limited pandemic in which year?
2009
What percent of the world's population is currently infected with tuberculosis?
25%
Only what percent of people who become infected with tuberculosis develop a clinical case?
5-10
What is the approximate percent of mortality of untreated secondary tuberculosis?
60
The highest incidence of influenza in the United States occurs during the ______ months.
winter
Vaccination against which of the following has been recommended as part of the childhood vaccination schedule to prevent the most common cause of acute otitis media?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
True or false: Only diseases caused by the influenza viruses are properly termed "the flu."
TRUE
Which describes the current rates of TB worldwide?
They are increasing.
True or false: Infection with the tuberculosis bacterium occurs rather easily, but only a small percentage of those infected will experience disease.
True
True or false: People with untreated TB often have a normal life span, with alternate periods of disease.
True
SARSCoV-2 was first reported in December 2019 in , ________ China.
Wuhan
The cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is considered _________-_________ because it is difficult to stain.
acid-fast
lipoteichoic acid
adherence to epithelial cells in the pharynx
Most commonly, sinusitis is caused by which of the following?
allergies
Failure of the patient to adhere to the antibiotic treatment regimen against tuberculosis can lead to_______ resistance.
antibiotic
In tuberculosis, which of the following heal by calcification in which the normal lung tissue is replaced by calcium deposits?
caseous lesions
Influenza viruses bind to which cell type to initiate infection?
ciliated cells of the respiratory tract
Prevnar is a ______ vaccine against S. pneumoniae and is part of recommended childhood preventative care.
conjugated
Influenza A viruses are named according to which of the following?
differing H and N spikes
"The flu" includes which of the following?
diseases caused by the influenza viruses
Tuberculosis is transmitted primarily through fine _______ of respiratory mucus suspended in the air.
droplets
Which of the following is the mode of transmission for TB?
droplets
Which of the following types of tuberculosis occurs when the infection spreads to other organs outside the lungs?
extrapulmonary
Individuals with untreated tuberculosis __________
have a normal lifespan
_______-associated pneumonias are acquired by individuals receiving treatment in medical facilities.
healthcare
The large influx of mononuclear cells into the ______ play a key role in the formation of infectious sites called tubercles in TB.
lungs
Alveolar ______ phagocytize Mycobacterium tuberculosis cells but the bacteria continue to multiply inside of these cells.
macrophages
As a tuberculosis infection progresses, tubercles break down into which of the following?
necrotic caseous lesions
New flu strains that may be highly infectious and distributed worldwide are called which of the following?
pandemic flus
Which of the following is another name for whooping cough?
pertussis
Inflammation of the throat is known as which of the following?
pharyngitis
Cell surface polysaccharides
protect against lysozyme
Secondary tuberculosis is also called ______ tuberculosis.
reactivation or reinfection
M protein
resisting phagocytosis and adherence
Which of the following agents usually causes minor colds in most patients, but can lead to a serious respiratory infection in young children?
respiratory syncytial virus
Influenzas that occur every year are called which of the following?
seasonal flus
Without treatment, the majority of patients with _______ TB will die.
secondary or reactivation
The cord factor of M. tuberculosis is associated with virulent strains and causes the organism to form______ cords while growing.
serpentine
Inflammation of any of the four pairs of air sacs in the cranial bones is also known as which of the following?
sinusitis
Rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, and adenoviruses are all major causes of which of the following?
the common cold
The common name for pertussis comes from which of the following?
the sound a patient makes during uncontrollable bouts of coughing
Which cells are the first to mount an attack on the TB bacterium?
Alveolar macrophages
What caused the decline of TB cases in the 1940s?
Discovery of streptomycin
Patient noncompliance in tuberculosis therapy leads to which of the following?
Emergence of drug-resistant strains
_______ staining shows luminescent yellow-green bacteria against a dark background.
Fluorescence
Which is the best description of the occurrence of influenza as a contagious respiratory illness in temperate climates?
Occurs with seasonal regularity
TB is mostly asymptomatic.
Primary TB
The _____ _______ virus causes colds in most people, but can cause a potentially devastating infection in children and neonates.
Respiratory Syncytial
The presence of superantigens and the surface antigens' mimicry of host proteins are factors contributing to the virulence of which bacterium?
S. pyogenes
The granulomatous lung lesion seen in TB that can serve as a focus for latent infection is called a
tubercle
SARSCoV-2 belongs to which group of microorganisms?
viruses
Which main categories of microorganisms are known to cause pneumonia?
viruses fungi bacteria