Chapter 19

Which of the following describes the M. tuberculosis cell wall?

-Contains cord factor -Contains waxes -Difficult to stain -Contains mycolic acid

Sinusitis is most commonly caused by which three of the following?

-Infections -Structural problems with nose -Allergies

The binding of influenza viruses to respiratory epithelial cells results in which of the following?

-Limited protection by cilia -Shedding of epithelial cells -Inflammation

Which of the following S. pyogenes virulence factors contribute to the bacterium's adhesiveness?

-M protein -hyaluronic acid capsule -lipoteichoic acid

What must an organism be able to do to cause pneumonia?

-Penetrate the lower respiratory tract -Survive the immune defenses

Which of the following describes M. tuberculosis?

-acid fast rod -long -thin -strict aerobe -generation time of 15-20 hours

in addition to rhinoviruses, identify other viruses that are major causes of the common cold.

-coronavirus -adenoviruses -respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

The signs and symptoms of secondary TB

-fatigue -weight loss -low grade fever -violent coughing -loss of appetite -bloody/green sputum -night sweats -chest pain

Which two population groups are most likely to experience extrapulmonary tuberculosis?

-immunosuppressed patients -young children

Primary TB may present with which of the following signs?

-mild fever - Formation of tubercles

The signs and symptoms of secondary TB do not include which of the following?

-nausea/vomiting -weight gain -clear sputum -high fever

Which of the following organs are most commonly involved in extrapulmonary TB?

-regional lymph nodes -kidneys -long bones -genital tract -brain -meninges

Identify the three types of tuberculosis.

-secondary -extrapulmonary -primary

Factors contributing to the virulence of S. pyogenes include which of the following?

-surface antigen mimicry of host proteins -superantigens

A distinction is often made between ________-associated pneumonia (HCAP) and _______-acquired pneumonia (CAP) because they are characterized by different modes of transmission and pathogenic agents.

1. Healthcare 2. Community

Pharyngitis caused by _______ tend to be mild and sometimes leads to hoarseness, whereas pharyngitis caused by ______ is usually more painful and includes fever, headache, and nausea.

1. Viruses 2.bacteria

In the Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast staining procedure, acid-fast organisms appear bright ______ against a(n) _____ background.

1.red 2.blue

Streptomycin was discovered in what year?

1943

H1N1 caused a limited pandemic in which year?

2009

What percent of the world's population is currently infected with tuberculosis?

25%

Only what percent of people who become infected with tuberculosis develop a clinical case?

5-10

What is the approximate percent of mortality of untreated secondary tuberculosis?

60

The highest incidence of influenza in the United States occurs during the ______ months.

winter

Vaccination against which of the following has been recommended as part of the childhood vaccination schedule to prevent the most common cause of acute otitis media?

Streptococcus pneumoniae

True or false: Only diseases caused by the influenza viruses are properly termed "the flu."

TRUE

Which describes the current rates of TB worldwide?

They are increasing.

True or false: Infection with the tuberculosis bacterium occurs rather easily, but only a small percentage of those infected will experience disease.

True

True or false: People with untreated TB often have a normal life span, with alternate periods of disease.

True

SARSCoV-2 was first reported in December 2019 in , ________ China.

Wuhan

The cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is considered _________-_________ because it is difficult to stain.

acid-fast

lipoteichoic acid

adherence to epithelial cells in the pharynx

Most commonly, sinusitis is caused by which of the following?

allergies

Failure of the patient to adhere to the antibiotic treatment regimen against tuberculosis can lead to_______ resistance.

antibiotic

In tuberculosis, which of the following heal by calcification in which the normal lung tissue is replaced by calcium deposits?

caseous lesions

Influenza viruses bind to which cell type to initiate infection?

ciliated cells of the respiratory tract

Prevnar is a ______ vaccine against S. pneumoniae and is part of recommended childhood preventative care.

conjugated

Influenza A viruses are named according to which of the following?

differing H and N spikes

"The flu" includes which of the following?

diseases caused by the influenza viruses

Tuberculosis is transmitted primarily through fine _______ of respiratory mucus suspended in the air.

droplets

Which of the following is the mode of transmission for TB?

droplets

Which of the following types of tuberculosis occurs when the infection spreads to other organs outside the lungs?

extrapulmonary

Individuals with untreated tuberculosis __________

have a normal lifespan

_______-associated pneumonias are acquired by individuals receiving treatment in medical facilities.

healthcare

The large influx of mononuclear cells into the ______ play a key role in the formation of infectious sites called tubercles in TB.

lungs

Alveolar ______ phagocytize Mycobacterium tuberculosis cells but the bacteria continue to multiply inside of these cells.

macrophages

As a tuberculosis infection progresses, tubercles break down into which of the following?

necrotic caseous lesions

New flu strains that may be highly infectious and distributed worldwide are called which of the following?

pandemic flus

Which of the following is another name for whooping cough?

pertussis

Inflammation of the throat is known as which of the following?

pharyngitis

Cell surface polysaccharides

protect against lysozyme

Secondary tuberculosis is also called ______ tuberculosis.

reactivation or reinfection

M protein

resisting phagocytosis and adherence

Which of the following agents usually causes minor colds in most patients, but can lead to a serious respiratory infection in young children?

respiratory syncytial virus

Influenzas that occur every year are called which of the following?

seasonal flus

Without treatment, the majority of patients with _______ TB will die.

secondary or reactivation

The cord factor of M. tuberculosis is associated with virulent strains and causes the organism to form______ cords while growing.

serpentine

Inflammation of any of the four pairs of air sacs in the cranial bones is also known as which of the following?

sinusitis

Rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, and adenoviruses are all major causes of which of the following?

the common cold

The common name for pertussis comes from which of the following?

the sound a patient makes during uncontrollable bouts of coughing

Which cells are the first to mount an attack on the TB bacterium?

Alveolar macrophages

What caused the decline of TB cases in the 1940s?

Discovery of streptomycin

Patient noncompliance in tuberculosis therapy leads to which of the following?

Emergence of drug-resistant strains

_______ staining shows luminescent yellow-green bacteria against a dark background.

Fluorescence

Which is the best description of the occurrence of influenza as a contagious respiratory illness in temperate climates?

Occurs with seasonal regularity

TB is mostly asymptomatic.

Primary TB

The _____ _______ virus causes colds in most people, but can cause a potentially devastating infection in children and neonates.

Respiratory Syncytial

The presence of superantigens and the surface antigens' mimicry of host proteins are factors contributing to the virulence of which bacterium?

S. pyogenes

The granulomatous lung lesion seen in TB that can serve as a focus for latent infection is called a

tubercle

SARSCoV-2 belongs to which group of microorganisms?

viruses

Which main categories of microorganisms are known to cause pneumonia?

viruses fungi bacteria