Chapter 2
____________________ ____________________ was an influential, eloquent, and enthusiastic lecturer who published the first great mineralogy textbook.
Abraham Werner
____________________ is the principle that natural laws governing both past and present processes on the Earth have been the same.
Actualism
In addition to Charles Darwin, ____________________ ____________________ also contributed to the theory of natural selection.
Alfred Wallace
____________________ are an extinct group of cephalopods related to the living, chambered nautilus.
Ammonites
The English geologist who established the Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships and the Principle of Inclusions is ____________________.
Charles Lyell
(T-F) 2. The principle of superposition states that sediment is deposited in layers that are originally horizontal.
F
(T-F)1. James Hutton first wrote about the basic principles of superposition, original horizontality, and original lateral continuity.
F
(T-F)10. Edwin Cope led several geologic and geographic surveys of the western United States and directed the U.S. Geologic survey.
F
(T-F)4. The principle of actualism states that the past history of our Earth can be explained by observing events today.
F
(T-F)5. William Smith developed the principle of fossil succession which states that the natural laws governing both past and present processes on the Earth have been the same.
F
In developing his theory of evolution, Charles Darwin secured an unpaid position on the ____________________ for a five-year mapping expedition around the world to observe and study a wide variety of living things.
HMS Beagle
____________________ ____________________, an Edinburgh physician and geologist, saw the Earth as a dynamic, ever-changing globe; a view opposed to Werner's static concept of the Earth.
James Hutton
Founder of the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology, his early glacial studies of the Alps promoted the glaciation of North America and Eurasia ____________________ ____________________.
Louis Agassiz
The Danish physician who proposed the principles of superposition, original horizontality, and original lateral continuity is ____________________.
Nicholas Steno
Charles Darwin published his findings on natural selection in 1859 in his book ____________________.
On the Origin of Species
____________________ ____________________ became the first professor of paleontology at Yale University and later founded the Peabody Museum of Natural History.
Othniel Marsh
____________________ is the study of layered rocks, including their texture, composition, arrangement, and correlation from place to place.
Stratigraphy
(T-F) 3. Professor Abraham Werner an influential and eloquent lecturer at Freiburg Mining Academy in Germany insisted that all rocks were deposited or precipitated from a great ocean that once enveloped the entire planet.
T
(T-F)6. Sir Charles Lyell, an English geologist, developed the principle of cross-cutting relationships.
T
(T-F)7. The basis of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution is natural selection.
T
(T-F)8. Louis Agassiz, a Swiss paleontologist, founded the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology.
T
(T-F)9. James Hall, a brilliant geologist and paleontologist, was appointed director of New York's first geological survey.
T
____________________ ____________________, an English surveyor and engineer was the individual whose work led to the formulation of principle of fossil succession.
William Smith
1. The principle stipulating that in any sequence of undisturbed strata, the oldest layer is at the bottom and successively higher layers are successively younger is the a. principle of superposition. b. principle of original lateral continuity. c. principle of original horizontality. d. principle of stratigraphy.
a
13. Louis Agassiz's studies of the "Ice Age" became recognized as the main event during Pleistocene. The Ice Age is recognized as beginning about 1.5 million years ago and ending ______________________ years ago. a. 8,000-10,000 b. 10,000-15,000 c. 15,000-20,000 d. 35,000-50,000
a
11. This early Swiss paleontologist became a Harvard University professor, founding the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology, and also offered his Pleistocene "Ice Age" hypothesis. a. Neils Stensen b. Louis Agassiz c. James Hutton d. John Strachey
b
14. Two of the most important contributors to early studies of the Grand Canyon that would eventually led to its prominence within the national park system. a. Edwin D. Cope, Othneil C. Mash b. Ferdinand V. Hayden, John Powell c. Russell Wallace, Edwin D. Cope d. Leopold Cuvier, Alexander Brongniart
b
2. Nicholas Steno formulated all of these basic principles except a. principle of original horizontality. b. principle of uniformitarianism. c. principle of superposition. d. principle of original lateral continuity.
b
3. His method of interpreting rock exposures by observing present day processes was given the phrase "the present is the key to the past." a. Charles Darwin b. James Hutton c. William Smith d. Baron Cuvier
b
5. The principle that fossils can be used to correlate strata from different localities that separate strata into different ages is called a. Stratigraphic Succession. b. Fossil Succession. c. Lateral Continuity. d. Walther's Law.
b
18. These early two paleontologists exploited dinosaur fossils in the western United States. Their endeavors led to thousands of specimens for studies in museums. a. John Strachey, Nicholas Steno b. John Powell, Ferdinand V. Hayden c. Edwin D. Cope, Othniel C. Marsh d. superposition
c
19. Steno's three principles are basic to the geology study of a. paleontology. b. actualism. c. stratigraphy. d. superposition.
c
6. The observation that an igneous intrusion or fault that intrudes or cuts a younger rock is called the principle of a. lateral continuity. b. original horizontality. c. cross-cutting relationships. d. superposition.
c
7. The principle that states the past history of the Earth can be interpreted in accordance with our knowledge of natural processes still operating today is called a. biologic continuity. b. law of superposition. c. law of uniformitarianism. d. law of biologic succession.
c
George Leopold Cuvier, after studying fossils in several rock groups, concluded that the history of life was marked by frightening catastrophes involving flooding of the continents and crustal upheavals. This view is known as ____________________.
catastrophies
10. The principle that an igneous intrusion or fault must be younger than the rocks it intrudes or cuts is termed a. superposition. b. lateral continuity. c. original horizontality. d. cross-cutting relationships.
d
12. This principle applies not only to rock bodies, but also to geologic structures, i.e., faults and unconformities that have been penetrated by another rock body. a. catastrophism b. original horizontality c. lateral continuity d. cross-cutting relationships
d
15. This prominent geologist published Theory of the Earth in which he discussed the significance of unconformities and what they represented. a. Alfred Wallace b. John Playfair c. James Hall d. James Hutton
d
16. This early geologists formulated the following three basic principles of historical geology superposition, original horizontality, and original lateral continuity. a. James Hall b. Charles Lyell c. John Strachey d Nicholas Steno e. James Hutton
d
17. Giovanni Arduino classified mountains according to their most abundant rock type. His secondary mountains were constructed of a. clay, sand, and clay beds. b. igneous, metamorphic sequences. c. crystalline rocks, igneous, metamorphic rocks. d. layered, consolidated fossiliferous rocks.
d
20. This famous geologist is quoted as saying, "The present is the key to the past." a. John Playfair b. Alfred Werner c. Charles Lyell d. James Hutton
d
4. The stratigraphic relationship where flat-lying strata overlies the eroded edges of inclined older strata is called a. unconformity. b. nonconformity. c. disconformity. d. angular unconformity.
d
8. The concept that the history of life as recorded in the fossil record was marked by sudden periods of continental floods or abrupt crustal upheavals is called a. diastrophism. b. Plutonism. c. uniformitarianism. d. catastrophism.
d
9. This noted geologist proposed the principle of cross-cutting relationships and inclusions. a. Nicholas Steno b. William Smith c. James Hutton d. Charles Lyell
d
Along a granite-sandstone rock contact line it is common for fragments of one rock to appear on the other. These fragments are called ____________________.
inclusions
