Chapter 2: Assessing Community Need and Establishing a Program
Environmental
staff help children with letter recognition by using flash cards and word games
decreased
the demand for half-day programs has what?
difficult
whether using a pencil-and-paper or online version, developing good surveys or questionnaires can be what?
Environmental
Behavior modification
John Locke
who came up with tabula rasa
program sponsors
who examine what services can be delivered realistically without diluting quality.
Child Care Resource and Referral
CCR&R
zip-code-specific program planning
CCR&R agencies will generate what type of reports
Interactional
Children are encouraged to explore and create
Environmental
Children learn to recite the alphabet through alphabet songs and stories
Interactional
Discovery creativity: no absolute truth
managing on-site centers
Employees of privately sponsored not-for-profit programs are realizing they cannot meet the challenge of fulfilling employees' child care needs on their own and are reaching out to the child care community for help in what?
toddlers
Families often prefer a two- or three-day program for what age children
behavior modification
If the core value of a program are based on the philosophical assumption that the child is born a tabula rasa it is helpful if the program director is committed to that same philosophy. A director who do not accept the tabula rasa premise will find it difficult to develop or direct an educational program that reflects the stated program philosophy.
center-based program
In a home but ran by a center or employer
10%
It is reasonable to expect that many families can afford to pay up to what percent of their total income for child care.
Interactional
Staff member value and are responsive to each child's special abilities, learning style, and developmental pace.
mission and values statements
developing what is part of the planners' strategic planning process. These carefully crafted statements guide directors' decisions about hiring new staff and designing appropriate professional development to ensure that all staff members are prepared to implement a program consistent with those statements.
accurate phone numbers
The public's annoyance with telemarketing calls is clear, and many families use caller ID to screen their calls. Many families also rely on cell phones versus land lines, which makes acquiring list of what challenging.
Freud and Gesell
Theorists associated with the extreme maturational position
Piaget & Vygotsky
Theorists associated with the interactional
1. examine the need 2. develop the program mission and values statements 3. decide about the type of program that will fit the need and available resources
There must be some driving force in the community, whether an individual or a group, that will generate the creative energy to (3)
10%
Those who receive funds from Head Start (grantees) are mandated to serve children with disabilities (what percent of enrolment opportunities) who must be mainstreamed and receive a total care package through direct services from the grantee or from other resources in the community.
instruction
Universal Pre-k could potentially lead to pre-k programs that focus on what and "dilute the caring dimension of the daily interactions"
the purpose of the organization
What are the opportunities or needs that we exist to address
need
What must there be for the program?
1. assumptions about how children learn 2. values of the program planners and the families involved 3. views of the planners regarding basic issues in education
When programs are planned and implemented, the curriculum content and teaching strategies either consciously or unconsciously reflect a philosophy that is based on (3)
Thorndike, Watson, Skinner
Who is associated with behavior modification and environmental
birth through school age
Working families must have full-day care, and they often will need it for children
1. personnel policies 2. the parent handbook 3. brochures 4. newsletters 5. the program website 6. promotional and fund-raising materials 7. stationery 8. new releases
a mission statement appears on numerous program documents including: (8)
purpose and business
a mission statement should clearly and concisely state what of the program in a manner that resonates with current staff and stakeholders.
No absolute truth
discovery creativity
3-4 year olds
although early childhood education programs have traditionally served how old children, the increase in the number of one-parent families and the number of working mothers has increased the demand for infant/toddler care for before and after school as well as for year-round programs for school-aged children.
proprietary
although much is written about not-for-profit programs, a large majority of the early childhood education programs in the U.S. are what?
environmental position
assumes that the child's learning is dependent on extrinsic motivators. The adult decides what the child is to learn and then plans lessons designed to teach content and skills. One of the basic assumptions of this position is that anything worth teaching is also observable and measurable.
No discipline
behavior modification
several years
bringing a new program up to full enrollment can take what to accomplish it.
infants
families tend to prefer to keep what age child at home
No direction
child centered
Maturational
child centered: no direction
Interactional
children enjoy successes that lead to greater self-confidence and independence
Environmental
children practice rote counting during group time and while at play
Maturational
choose activities based on their interests and their rhythms
Environmental
group-time activities include color recognition and color-naming exercises
program quality
having a well developed mission statement is an indicator of what?
informal group discussion
holding what with families is often not as valid, is less reliable, and is more difficult to tabulate and analyze than questionnaire data.
environmental, maturational, interactional
how children learn fall into three major categories
marketing specialist
if you are involved in an extensive needs assessment program, you should consult who about appropriate sampling techniques.
family child care homes
in some situations, what may be more suitable than a center-based program.
telephone surveys
in the past, the use of what was a viable option for collecting data
core values
it is important to have a director who fully understands and supports what because he or she will be the educational leader responsible for the implementation of a program that supports these.
1.What are the opportunities or needs that we exist to address (the purpose of the organization) 2. what are we doing to address these needs? (the business of the organization) 3. what principles or beliefs guide our work? (the values of the organization
it is recommended that the mission statements be revisited every five years to ensure relevance and should answer the following three questions and answers
5
it is recommended that the mission statements be revisited how often to ensure relevance
philosophy
making program decisions is impossible without a commitment to an agreed-upon what?
individual or small group
many full and half day child care programs are owned and operated by who?
privately sponsored not-for-profit program
many large industries, hospitals, and apartment complexes include child care centers in their facilities and offer services for the children of their employees and residents. They are set up for the comfort and convenience of the employees and residents.
Agency-sponsored programs
many not-for-profit early childhood education programs are sponsored by who?; These programs may be set up as full-day care centers for working families or as half-day enrichment programs
required
mission statements are what?
public schools
most states are funding some prekindergarten programs, and many of these are in where?
1. the basis for the decision about whether or not to have a program 2. furnish information about family values and goals
needs assessment data that are collected through both formal and informal channels can both provide what?
find out if other centers in the vicinity have waiting lists
one quick and informal way to decide whether to proceed with a needs assessment is to do what?
Laboratory schools
one type of program found on college campuses
family child care
parents taking their children to other peoples home and are paid hourly/weekly/etc.; there is still a regulation of how many children
Interactional
play is cherished and play spaces are rich with learning opportunities
proprietary
profit-making programs are aka; they are set up to provide a service that will make a profit
Waldorf, Reggio Emilia, Piaget, Montessori
program philosophy
1. brief 2. understandable 3. items included also must be carefully selected
questionnaire must be (3)
Public and private not-for-profit
range in size and scope from the small cooperative preschool to the large, complex, agency-sponsored child care center
Maturational
show evidence of satisfaction after having mastered a task
Maturational
show interest and choose to work in various interest areas in the classroom
human orientation
the goal of education for those who support what is the upward movement of the child as an independent learner to higher levels of intellectual competence. The process of learning and the development of problem-solving skills are more important that content mastery. Autonomy, collaboration, and cooperation are valued, and the years in school are considered an integral part of life itself.
autonomous problem solvers
the major goal for human orientation is for children to become what?
philosophy
the program's what underlies most programmatic decisions. It should reflect the values, beliefs, and training of the director as well as the wishes and interests of the program planners and families who will participate in the program.
thoughtful consideration
the task of developing a good questionnaire or survey can be challenging, and getting the survey into the hands of the right group of people require what?
ages
the what of participating children affect all program planning considerations and can make a considerable difference in the cost of delivering the service.
content orientation
those who subscribe to what support the notion that the goal of education is to provide children with content that enables them to succeed in school as it exists. Their focus is on preparation for the next step in schooling; achievement is evaluated by relating each child's progress to norms or grade level.
telemarketing
today, what has come under public scrutiny with many households opting out of being called at home by signing up for the national do not call registry.
unrealistic
usually setting up a program that will be responsive to every demand and meet all needs is what?
parent co-ops
what are cooperative programs often called
value statements
what are important in determining the curriculum and teaching strategies that reflect the program's core values.
demonstration schools
what are laboratory schools aka
nonprofit
what are not-for-profit programs sometimes called
cooperative programs
what are owned and operated by a group. Parents are expected to help in the classroom, so the small co-op usually functions with one or two paid staff members; costs are kept at a minimum, and tuition is lower than in other centers. Most are half-day programs
Public school-sponsored programs
what are staffed by people hired through public school personnel offices, and the programs are housed in public school buildings. Local school boards, public school administrators, and teacher unions typically have a voice in making policy as well as in teacher and program evaluation.
1. determine what you need to know 2. procedures for collecting the data can be worked out
what are the two first steps in the needs assessment process
the business of the organization
what are we doing to address these needs?
interactional position
what assumes that learning results from the dynamic interaction between the emerging cognitive and affective systems and the environment. The interaction with both the material and the human environment is not driven solely by an internal force but also is nurtured, facilitated, and intensified by the timely intervention of significant adults in the environment. The child is intrinsically motivated to select appropriately from the environment, but the adult is responsible for preparing the environment and for timely and appropriate questions and idea to alert the child to the learning opportunities in each situation. The adult facilitates the development of intellectual competence.
maturational position
what assumes that there is an internal, driving force, that lads to the emergence of cognitive and affective systems, which, in turn, determine the child's readiness for mastery of developmental tasks. Mastery of the task is itself rewarding, so the reinforcement is based on intrinsic satisfactions derived from accomplishment and task mastery. Learning is controlled by an internal growth force and the child selects from various offerings, thereby learning what she is ready to learn.
mission statement
what briefly defines the focus or purpose of the organization
needs assessment
what can begin before or after a director is designated or hired, but it must be completed before any financial or program planning begins
online surveys
what can reduce the cost and also increase the percentage of returns
core values
what come from a sound understanding of child development and the best practices in the field.
blank slate
what does tabula rasa mean?
head start
what is the best known of the federal government-sponsored, early childhood education programs and is the nation's leading investment in early childhood care and education. Provides a range of comprehensive education, health, nutrition, parent involvement, and family support services, and it has primarily served at-risk children and their families. May be center based or home based and may provide child care on a full-time or half-time basis
campus child care programs and laboratory schools
what often provide facilities for research, observation, and teacher training
the values of the organization
what principles or beliefs guide our work?
1. internal confusion 2. lack of unity 3. loss of teamwork 4. inability to help parents understand their true purpose
when administrators attempt to implement programs for which they are unable to state a philosophy nor substantiate their curriculum and accompanying pedagogical strategies in terms of that philosophy, they risk what (4)
outside sources
when families are unable to pay the high cost of quality child care outside the home, operators cannot depend on tuition but must seek outside sources of funding
universal prekindergarten
with the current trend toward what, additional government funds are flowing into public school to support the interest in offering this experience for all children. The aim in some states is to increase the amount of state dollars that comes to hose systems offering these programs.
full-day care or half-day program
you must find out if families prefer which two types of daycare
