Chapter 2: Beginnings of English America, 1607-1660

Anne Hutchinson and John Cotton were denounced for Antinomianism, or putting their own judgment or faith above the teachings of the church. Identify the statements that describe the significance of Anne Hutchinson to the region's religious culture.

- Hutchinson demonstrated how Puritan belief in each individual's ability to interpret the Bible could lead to criticism of the establishment - Although religious tolerance as a concept would not take root in the colonies for many years, Hutchinson showed other interpretations of the Bible and critiqued preachers

What does this image reveal about the subtle changes that took place in Indian life as Indians became integrated into the Atlantic economy?

- Indians adopted English-made attire and products including those made of metal - although settlers tried to impose way of life on Indians, the Indians did maintained their cultural identities and practices

What does it reveal about English settlements in New England, ca. 1640?

- Massachusetts was the largest settlement, extending along the coast from the present-day state of Maine to Massachusetts. - Settlements didn't spread farther west than the Hudson River at this time. - The Connecticut settlement spread along the Connecticut and Thames Rivers.

Maryland in the 1640s verged on total anarchy. Identify the statements that describe the Act Concerning Religion (or Maryland Toleration Act) and its impact on society at that time.

- The law was a milestone in the history of religious freedom in colonial America. - The act did not establish religious toleration and liberty in the sense we know it today, as people who denied the divinity of Jesus Christ were punished. - It guaranteed all Christians the "free exercise" of religion, institutionalizing the principle of religious toleration that had been applied since the colony's beginning.

Identify the statements that describe John Winthrop and his beliefs about the concept of liberty.

- believed that true freedom required individuals to submit to both religious and secular authorities - first governor of Massachusetts

Identify which criticisms of the church and the King of England resulted in Roger Williams's banishment from the colony of Massachusetts.

- he believed in religious toleration, citing that God had singled out not only the Puritans for salvation - he was critical of the King of England for taking land from the natives without payment

By the 1660s and 1670s, ministers were regularly castigating the people for selfishness, manifestations of pride, violations of the Sabbath, and a "great backsliding" from the colony's original purposes. Identify the statements that describe "jeremiads" and how ministers used them to influence the actions of settlers.

- interpretations of social and environmental issues-like failed crops and disease-as God's disapproval - warnings issued by ministers for violations of church's teaching

Place the following events in chronological order to describe early English colonization.

1. Hakluyt wrote A Discourse Concerning Western Planting, arguing that Queen Elizabeth I should support colonies in New World. 2. Roanoke island was settled but failed due to lack of planning 3. Jamestown established 4. Pilgrims found Plymouth 5. Mayflower Compact

The idea of freedom suddenly took on new and expanded meanings between 1640 and 1660. Identify the statements that describe the Levellers and their contributions to the expanded idea of freedom during this time.

1. offered a glimpse of the modern definition of freedom as a universal entitlement based on equal rights, not a function of social class 2. was the first democratic political movement that proposed a written constitution, which proposed to abolish the monarchy and expand the right to vote

An important strategy in England's attempt to subdue the Irish in the seventeenth century was to integrate them into English society.

False

There were many demographic differences when looking at the early settlers of Virginia and those who settled in Massachusetts. Identify the characteristics of the two colonial settlements.

Massachussetts: - the majority of population consist of families - family farms produced a diverse array of crops along with fish and timber - the population was healthier due to climate Virginia - tobacco was the most common cash crop - The House of Burgesses was their first body of government - the majority of the population was single men

Analyze the passage below from John Winthrop, "Speech to the Massachusetts General Court" (July 3, 1645). The great questions that have troubled the country, are about the authority of the magistrates and the liberty of the people. ... Concerning liberty, I observe a great mistake in the country about that. There is a twofold liberty, natural (I mean as our nature is now corrupt) and civil or federal. The first is common to man with beasts and other creatures. By this, man, as he stands in relation to man simply, hath liberty to do what he lists; it is a liberty to do evil as well as to [do] good. This liberty is incompatible and inconsistent with authority, and cannot endure the least restraint of the most just authority. The exercise and maintaining of this liberty makes men grow more evil, and in time to be worse than brute beasts. ... This is that great enemy of truth and peace, that wild beast, which all the ordinances of God are bent against, to restrain and subdue it. Why does Winthrop consider "natural" liberty dangerous?

Natural liberty doesn't obey authority; instead it acts on its own will, and as such, has the potential to lead men to evil

Analyze the passage below from John Winthrop, "Speech to the Massachusetts General Court" (July 3, 1645). The great questions that have troubled the country, are about the authority of the magistrates and the liberty of the people. ... Concerning liberty, I observe a great mistake in the country about that. There is a twofold liberty, natural (I mean as our nature is now corrupt) and civil or federal. The first is common to man with beasts and other creatures. By this, man, as he stands in relation to man simply, hath liberty to do what he lists; it is a liberty to do evil as well as to [do] good. This liberty is incompatible and inconsistent with authority, and cannot endure the least restraint of the most just authority. The exercise and maintaining of this liberty makes men grow more evil, and in time to be worse than brute beasts. ... This is that great enemy of truth and peace, that wild beast, which all the ordinances of God are bent against, to restrain and subdue it. Why does Winthrop consider "natural" liberty dangerous?

Natural liberty doesn't obey authority; instead it acts on its own will, and as such, has the potential to lead men to evil.

"Moral Liberty" was critical to the personal and governed lives of Puritans in Massachusetts. Identify the statement that describes the limits to personal freedom that accompanied "moral liberty."

Puritans had to subject themselves to authority, which included their personal freedoms being regulated by the church and God

As a result of the Pequot War, which was caused by the massacre of the tribe for their actions against a fur trader, all remaining members of the tribe were killed or sold into slavery. The final treaty that ended the conflict stated that as punishment the tribe's name would be wiped from historical record.

True

The establishment of Virginia and Maryland shared many similarities and also some notable differences. Identify which of the following characteristics correspond to either Virginia, Maryland, or both settlements.

Virginia: - this settlement was established by company of investors Maryland: - indentured servants were more likely to become land owners - people of Catholic faith could find refuge and encouraged to settle here Both: - tobacco was the leading cash crop - the headright system was in place - conditions were unhealthy, leading to a high death rate for adults and children - indentured servants were relied upon for the majority of labor in the early years

In seventeenth-century England, working for wages was widely associated with servility and loss of liberty. Only those who controlled their own labor could be regarded as truly free. Based on this understanding, which type of worker would claim the most personal liberty and freedom?

farmers