Chapter 2

Which type of particle has an unpaired electron, making it highly reactive and destructive to cells? Enzyme Electrolyte Buffer Salt Free radical

Free radical

Which term means a chemical reaction in which electrons are transferred between molecules? Metabolic reaction Catabolic reaction Equilibrium reaction Oxidation-reduction reaction

Oxidation-reduction reaction

Energy contained in an object due to its position or state is referred to as what type of energy? Electromagnetic Potential Kinetic Thermal

Potential

Which term refers to energy in a system that is not being used to do work? Kinetic Thermal Activation Potential

Potential

How is chemical energy defined? Energy released by the decay of atomic nuclei Potential energy stored in the bonds of molecules Kinetic energy due to the movement of molecules Energy required for a chemical reaction to occur

Potential energy stored in the bonds of molecules

Polypeptides over 100 amino acids long are generally classified as which of the following? Dipeptides Glycolipids Proteins Nucleic acids

Proteins

Which of the following best defines an acid? Proton donor Neutron acceptor Neutron donor Proton acceptor

Proton donor

The particles of matter that are dissolved in a solution are known as what? Suspension Colloid particles Solvent Solute

Solute

Which term defines a substance that consists of a solute dissolved in a more abundant substance called the solvent? Mixture Suspension Solution Emulsion

Solution

In a solution, the more abundant substance that dissolves another substance is known as what? Oxidizing agent Electrolyte Solvent Colloid

Solvent

When jumping into water you notice resistance. This resistance is caused by water's __________. cohesiveness adhesiveness hydrophilic tension osmotic equilibrium hydrophobic tension

cohesiveness

A compound that dissociates in water, producing a solution that conducts electricity, is known as a(n) _____.

electrolyte

An oxidation-reduction reaction is defined as a chemical reaction that involves the transfer of _____between molecules. Your answer should be one word.

electrons

A pure chemical substance that consists of one type of atom is called a(n) _____.

element

An input of _____ is required for a system to perform work.

energy

A(n) _____ is a protein that functions as a biological catalyst.

enzyme

Water molecules are weakly attracted to each other through ______ bonds. hydrogen polar covalent ionic nonpolar covalent

hydrogen

When a sodium atom loses an electron, it becomes a sodium ______. isomer molecule compound ion

ion

The vibration of an ear drum is an example of __________ energy. radiant potential elastic kinetic

kinetic

A hydrophobic organic compound composed mainly of carbon and a high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is a ______. Examples include fatty acids, fats, phospholipids, steroids, and prostaglandins. carbohydrate protein lipid nucleic acid

lipid

Any molecule of large size and high molecular weight, such as a protein or starch, is known as a _____.

macromolecule

Molecules like carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are examples of _____ because they are made up of many repeating subunits.

macromolecules

The term _____ refers to the sum of all the chemical reactions in the body.

metabolism

A(n) _____ consists of substances that are physically blended but not chemically bound.

mixture

Salt on a watermelon is an example of a ______. mixture element compound

mixture

A(n) _____ is composed of two or more atoms that are held together by chemical bonds.

molecule

Disaccharides can be broken down into ______. triglycerides amino acids polymers monosaccharides

monosaccharides

The abbreviation _____ is a measurement of acidity derived from the concentration of H+.

pH

A cation has a net _____ charge.

positive

A hydrogen bond is a weak attraction between a slightly _____ hydrogen atom of one molecule and a slightly _____ oxygen or nitrogen atom of another.

positive negative

Saltwater is a solution of NaCl dissolved in water. In this example, NaCl is the solute and water is the _____.

solvent

In a workout your muscle cells produce lactate, yet you maintain a constant blood pH because _________. endothelial cells secrete excess H+ to prevent a decrease in pH metabolic bases are produced at the same rate by muscle cells to neutralize the acids metabolic acids are neutralized in muscle cells before released into the blood the respiratory system removes excess H+ from the blood before the pH is lowered the body contains chemicals called buffers that resist changes in pH

the body contains chemicals called buffers that resist changes in pH

The most relevant free energy in human physiology is the energy stored in __________. free radicals with an odd number of electrons the chemical bonds of organic molecules electrolytes ionized in water radioisotopes Van der Waals forces

the chemical bonds of organic molecules

Hydrophilic substances are soluble in ______.

water

Hydrophobic means that a substance is insoluble in _____.

water

In a(n) _____ reaction a molecule loses one or more electrons.

Oxidation

Which term is used to refer to a simple sugar, or sugar monomer? Monosaccharide Polysaccharide Disaccharide Glycoprotein

Monosaccharide

Which molecule combines with an inorganic phosphate to form ATP? Adenosine diphosphate Deoxyribonucleic acid Adenosine triphosphate Cyclic adenosine monophosphate

Adenosine diphosphate

Which molecule combines with an inorganic phosphate to form ATP? Deoxyribonucleic acid Cyclic adenosine monophosphate Adenosine triphosphate Adenosine diphosphate

Adenosine diphosphate

What is the term for an ion with a net negative charge (more electrons than protons)? Electron Isotope Cation Anion

Anion

Which term refers to a negatively charged ion? Anion Electron Cation Proton

Anion

Which term specifically applies to a reaction that involves the removal of electrons from a molecule? Reduction Catabolism Anabolism Oxidation

Oxidation

_____ energy is the potential energy stored in bonds of molecules.

Chemical

Which term refers to an attractive force caused by the sharing or transfer of electrons? Radiation Adhesion Chemical bond Hydrolysis

Chemical bond

True or false: Formation of adenosine triphosphate from adenosine diphosphate and an inorganic phosphate molecule requires the input of energy. True False

True

A molecule consisting of a carbon chain, with 4 to 24 carbons, with a methyl group on one end and a carboxyl group on the opposite end is which of the following? Amino acid Glycerol Fatty acid Protein

Fatty acid

A solution with pH 4 has __________ the H+ concentration of a solution with pH 8. ½ 4 times 2 times 10,000 times 1/10,000

10,000 times

The body's most important energy-transfer molecule is ______. DNA ATP GTP ADP

ATP

Select all that apply Which are examples of electrolytes? Acids Salts Bases Glucose

Acids Salts Bases

Which molecule, composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups, functions as an energy-transfer molecule? Cyclic adenosine monophosphate Cholesterol Adenosine triphosphate Triglyceride

Adenosine triphosphate

Which of the following are the monomeric subunits that make up a protein? Fatty acids Glucose molecules Amino acids Amines

Amino acids

Which of the following are the monomeric subunits that make up a protein? Glucose molecules Amines Amino acids Fatty acids

Amino acids

What is an ion? An atom with too many or too few neutrons An atom that emits radiation An atom that has gained or lost electrons An atom with an unstable nucleus

An atom that has gained or lost electrons

Metabolic reactions that use energy and build more complex molecules from less complex molecules are considered which type of reaction? Anabolic Oxidation Catabolic Decomposition

Anabolic

Which term refers to a chemical that binds protons in a solution and functions as a proton acceptor? Base Acid Anion Electron

Base

Which of the following is another term for enzyme? Biological catalyst Receptor molecule Hormone Structural protein

Biological catalyst

The term anabolism specifically applies to metabolic reactions that do which of the following? Release energy Break large molecules down into smaller ones Transfer electrons between molecules Build large molecules from small molecules

Build large molecules from small molecules

The term anabolism specifically applies to metabolic reactions that do which of the following? Release energy Transfer electrons between molecules Break large molecules down into smaller ones Build large molecules from small molecules

Build large molecules from small molecules

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides are all examples of which type of macromolecule? Nucleic acids Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins

Carbohydrates

Select all that apply Fatty acids contain ______ groups. Phosphate Carboxyl Methyl Amino

Carboxyl Methyl

Which term applies to metabolic decomposition reactions that release energy? Anabolism Oxidation Catabolism Synthesis

Catabolism

Which term can apply to a molecule composed of two or more different elements? Compound Isomer Atom Mixture

Compound

Select all that apply Which of the terms below can be applied to glucose (C6H12O6)? Compound Atom Element Molecule

Compound Molecule

A molecule that is oxidized gains electrons and energy. True False

False

Free radicals have an even number of electrons. True False

False

The high heat capacity of water makes it a very ineffective coolant. True False

False

Which of these is hydrophobic? K+ Cl- Water Glucose Fat

Fat

Which is a hydrophobic substance? Fats Water

Fats

Which of the following is an element? Hydrogen Protons Carbon dioxide Water

Hydrogen

Which type of bond can be described as a weak attraction between a slightly positive region in one molecule and a slightly negative region in a different molecule? Covalent Ionic Hydrogen Disulfide

Hydrogen

pH is a measurement of the concentration of what? Hydroxyl ions Anions Hydrogen ions Cations

Hydrogen ions

Which term refers to polar molecules that dissolve in water? Amphipathic Hydrophilic Hydrophobic Acidic

Hydrophilic

Select all that apply Which are true regarding metabolism? It includes reactions where new molecules are synthesized. It only takes place in muscle cells. It includes reactions where molecules are broken down. It can be defined as the sum of all of the chemical reactions in the body. It consists entirely of endergonic reactions that require an input of energy.

It includes reactions where new molecules are synthesized. It includes reactions where molecules are broken down. It can be defined as the sum of all of the chemical reactions in the body.

The energy of motion is what type of energy? Free Kinetic Chemical Potential

Kinetic

_____ energy is energy that is actively doing work.

Kinetic

Which of the following describes a catabolic reaction? Small glucose molecules are linked together to form a larger molecule like starch. Large protein molecules are broken down into smaller amino acids during digestion. Molecules of iron combine with oxygen, giving up electrons and forming iron oxide (rust).

Large protein molecules are broken down into smaller amino acids during digestion.

A molecule with the chemical formula C57H110O6 is an example of which type of organic molecule? Lipid Protein Carbohydrate Nucleic acid

Lipid

Hydrophobic organic molecules, such as fatty acids, fats, steroids, and prostaglandins, are classified as what type of molecule? Nucleic acid Protein Carbohydrate Lipid

Lipid

Isotopes differ from one another by containing different numbers of which subatomic particle? Neutrons Electrons Protons

Neutrons

Which organic molecules are composed of a nitrogenous base, a monosaccharide, and a phosphate group? Kinases Eicosanoids Nucleotides Amino acids

Nucleotides

Which of the following is a definition of energy? The tendency of one substance to cling to another The rate at which molecules are moving The capacity to do work The formation of a chemical bond

The capacity to do work

Deuterium and tritium are isotopes of hydrogen. What is different about them? They have different atomic numbers. They have different numbers of protons. They have different numbers of neutrons. They have different numbers of electrons.

They have different numbers of neutrons.

Select all that apply Choose the lipids in the list below. Triglycerides Steroids Phospholipids Polypeptides Polysaccharides Eicosanoids Fatty acids

Triglycerides Steroids Phospholipids Eicosanoids Fatty acids

A molecule may be composed of one element or more than one element. True False

True

A solution is a mixture of two or more substances that are physically blended but not chemically combined. True False

True

Select all that apply Which are examples of antioxidants? Vitamin C Water Selenium Vitamin E

Vitamin C Selenium Vitamin E

A base is a compound that acts as a proton ______. donor acceptor

acceptor

HCl is a compound that releases hydrogen ions when put into water. Therefore, it is a(n) ______. base acid

acid

A(n) ______ is a chemical that neutralizes free radicals.

antioxidant

Glutathione binds to reactive oxygen (free radicals), neutralizing them. Therefore, glutathione is a(n) _____.

antioxidant

Nucleotides contain a phosphate, a sugar and a nitrogenous _____.

base

The ______ family of macromolecules are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio and includes sugars, starches, glycogen, and cellulose. protein nucleic acid lipid carbohydrate

carbohydrate

In nature, sodium atoms lose electrons; therefore, they become ______. isotopes cations anions isomers

cations

Covalent, ionic, and hydrogen are examples of _____ bonds

chemical

Saltwater is a solution made out of NaCl (salt) dissolved in water. In this case, water is the solvent and NaCl is the _____.

solute

A(n) _____ is defined as a substance consisting of a solute mixed with a more abundant substance called the solvent.

solution

Blood contains NaCl, protein, and cells. The NaCl is in a(n) __________, the protein is in a(n) __________, and the cells are in a __________. suspension; colloid; solution solution; colloid; suspension emulsion; solution; suspension colloid; suspension; solution solvent; emulsion; colloid

solution; colloid; suspension