Chapter 2
network attached storage (NAS)
-high-performance storage system -connected individually to a network to provide storage for the computers connected to the network
what do both NASs and SANs provide?
-storage services to the network -are scalable
3 most common types of interfaces
1. VGA (video graphics array) 2. DVI (Digital visual interface) 3. HDMI (high definition multimedia interface)
how many bits = 1 byte
8 bits = 1 byte
Vincent is comparing the DDR3 rates of different brands of an item. That item would be ________________.
RAM
SDRAM is available in these 3 versions:
DDR (double data rate) DDR2 DDR3
Today, many notebook and netbook computers use _____ instead of PC Cards to give them additional capabilities.
ExpressCard modules
True/False: A computer byte is the amount of data (measured in bits) that a CPU can manipulate at one time
False
True/False: Most computers today use CRT monitors
False
True/False: Most computers today use CRT monitors.
False
IEEE 1934 is another name for
FireWire
True/False: CD, DVD, and BD drives are types of optical drives
True
True/False: the capacity of most USD flash drives today ranges from 2 GB to 256 GB
True
True/False: the main circuit inside the system unit is called the motherboard
True
most personal printers today connect to a computer today via _________________________
USB connection
most personal printers today connect to a computer via
USB connection
all data processed by a binary computer MUST be in this form
binary
what lasers are used to put data on to Blue-ray discs (BD)?
blue-violet lasers
pits
bumps created when a disc is stamped or molded to represent the data placed on it
bus width + bus speed =
bus' throughput (or bandwidth)
Windows Live SkyDrive is an example of ___________________
cloud storage
integrated circuits
collections of electronic circuits containing microscopic pathways that electrical currents can travel along
hybrid hard drive
combination of a flash memory and magnetic hard drive
________ input data from special forms to score or tally exams, questionnaires, ballots, and so forth
OMRs
PPI
Pixels per inch. quality of scanned images
RFID Tags/cards
contain tiny chips and radio antennas
smart card
credit card sized piece of plastic that contains computer circuitry and components
DPI
dots per inch. quality of printed images
optical drive
drive designed to read optical discs
dot-matrix printer
economical printer used for when the emphasis is quantity over quality
speech recognition systems
enables the computer to recognize voice input and spoken words
what is the most common type of flash memory media?
flash memory card
embedded flash memory
flash memory chips embedded into products
_____________ have begun to replace ______________ for storing system information such as a computer's BIOS.
flash memory chips, ROM
USB flash drive
flash memory media integrated into a self-contained unit that plugs into a USB port
inkjet printers
form images by spraying tiny drops or liquid ink from one or more cartridges, one line at a time
laser printers
form images with toner powder and are the standard for business documents
what is the primary difference between the network attached storage and a storage area network?
how the storage devices interface with the network
what lasers are used to put data on to conventional CDs?
infrared lasers
optical mark readers
input data from special forms to score or tally exams, questionnaires, ballots, etc
storage server
storage system. a separate piece of hardware containing multiple high speed hard drives connected to the computer system or network
system clock
synchronizes the computer's operations. a small quartz crystal located on the motherboard.
SDRAM
synchronous dynamic RAM
Radio frequency identification (RFID)
tech that can store, read, and transmit data located in RFID tags/cards
magnetic hard drive
a hard drive consisting of one or more metal magnetic disks permanently sealed, along with an access mechanism and read/write heads, inside its drive.
how can a port connect to a motherboard (2 ways)
1. built into the motherboard 2. created with an expansion card inserted into an expansion slot on the motherboard
4 parts of the machine cycle
1. fetch 2. decode 3. execute 4. store
what does disk access time require?
1. seek time 2. rotational delay 3. data movement time
list 2 main advantages of the optical discs?
1. their large capacity 2. durability
what are external hard drives commonly used for?
1. used to transport a large amount of data from one 2.backup purposes 3. additional storage
what company developed FireWire?
Apple
file
a named collection of bytes that represent a type of data
port
a special connector accessible through the exterior of the system unit case that is used to connect an external hardware device
DVD Drive
accesses data stored on CDs or DVDs
Flash memory card reader
accesses data stored on flash memory cards
FireWire
aka IEEE 1394 a high-speed bus standard for connecting multimedia devices
throughput
aka bandwidth the amount of data that can be transferred via the bus in a given time period
expansion cards
aka interface cards circuit boards that are used to give desktop computers additional capabilities
expansion card
also called interface cards. connects peripheral devices or adds new capabilities to a computer
what is the typical disk access time?
around 8.5 milliseconds (ms)
expansion buses
buses that connect peripheral (typically input and output) devices to the motherboard
memory
chips located inside the system unit that the computer uses to store data and instructions while it is working with them
cylinder
collection of one specific track located on each hard disk surface
binary computers
computers which can only understand two states, represented by the digits 0 and 1
tracks
concentric ring in the surface of a hard disk where data is recorded
expansion slots
connect expansion cards to the motherboard to add additional capabilities. each slot is designed for a specific type of expansion card.
memory slots
connect memory modules to the motherboard
USB Ports
connects USB devices to the computer.
ROM (read-only memory)
consists of nonvolatile chips that permanently store data or programs. chips are attached to the motherboard inside the system unit, and the data or programs are retrieved by the computer when they are needed. you CANNOT write over the data or programs in ROM chips. you CANNOT erase their content when you shut off the computer's power (that's why they're called read-only)
flash memory
consists of nonvolatile memory chips that the user or computer can use for storage. have begun to replace ROM for storing system info
power supply
converts standard electrical power into a form the computer can use
fan
cools the CPU
transistor
device made of semiconductor material that controls the flow of electrons inside a chip.
Double Data Rate (DDR)
each level down sends data twice as much as the previous level. the levels are: SDRAM DDR DDR2 DDR3
bus
electronic path over which data can travel
what does the additional flash memory in a hybrid hard drive allow to be built in the drive?
encryptions or other security measures
how does a binary computer work?
enter data into a computer, the computer translates the natural-language symbols you input into binary 0s and 1s, processes that data, then translates and outputs the results in a form we can understand
expansion slots are designed for specific _______
expansion cards
disadvantage of SSDs (1 listed)
flash memory cells can wear out with repeated use
virtually all personal computers come with a __________ ___________ with the exception of computers designed to use only network storage devices
hard drive
what is a solid state drive (SSD)?
hard drive that uses flash memory technology aka flash memory hard drive
storage medium
hardware where data is actually stored
register
high-speed memory built into the CPU that temporarily stores data during processing -THE FASTEST type of memory used by the CPU
which is faster: higher clock speed or lower clock speed?
higher clock speed. the fastest CPUs have a clock speed of more than 3 GHz
Drive bays
hold storage devices, such as the DVD or hard drive
How many transistors are in a CPU?
hundreds of millions
multi-core CPUs
CPUs that contain the processing components or cores of multiple independent processors in a single CPU
Do SSDs have any parts that move to store or retrieve data?
No, this is why their access time is much faster than magnetic hard drives. practically instant
USB 1.0 = ? Mbps transfer rate
USB 1.0 = 12 Mbps
USB 2.0 = ? Mbps transfer rate
USB 2.0 = 480 Mbps
USB 3.0 = ? Gbps transfer rate
USB 3.0 = 4.8 Gbps
what does USB stand for?
Universal Serial Bus
expansion slots
locations on the motherboard into which expansion cards can be inserted to connect those cards to the motherboard
system unit
main case of a computer
motherboard
main circuit board inside the system unit. all devices used with a computer need to be connected to it
clock speed
measurement of the processing speed of a CPU. measured by the number of instructions that can be processed per second. measured in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz)
ExpressCard module
module that can be inserted into a peripheral device to that computer
what computers are ExpressCard modules normally used with?
notebook computers
bus width
number of wires in the bus over which data can travel
control unit
part of a CPU core that coordinates its operations
floating point unit (FPU)
part of a CPU core that performs decimal arithmetic
arithmetic/logic unit (ALU)
part of a CPU core that performs integer arithmetic and logical operations
prefetch unit
part of a CPU core that retrieves data and instructions before they are needed for processing to avoid delays
decode unit
part of a CPU core that translates instructions into a form that can be processed by the ALU and FLU
biometric readers
read a person's biometric data so their ID can be verified
what lasers are used to put data on to conventional DVDs?
red lasers
remote storage
refers to using a storage device which is not connected directly to the user's computer
online storage or cloud storage
remote storage devices accessed via the internet
flash memory card
small, rectangular flash memory medium. ex: camera card or SIM card
pixel
smallest colorable area on a display device
data movement time
(during disk access time) the data moves, such as reading the data from the hard disk and transferring it to memory, or transfers from memory and is stored on the hard disk
rotational delay
(during disk access time) the hard disks rotate into the proper position so that the read/write heads are located over the part of the cylinder to be used
seek time
(during disk access time) the read/write heads move to the cylinder that contains (or will contain) the desired data
____________________ cache is the fastest level of cache.
Level 1 or L1
optical character recognition (OCR)
ability of a computer to recognize text characters
input devices
any piece of equipment used to enter data into the computer
LED
light emitting diode. flat panel technology.
LCD
liquid crystal display. charged liquid crystals located between two sheets of clear material to light up the appropriate pixels to form the image on the screen.
All storage systems involve two physical parts—a storage ____________________ and a storage ____________________.
medium, device
Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID)
method or storing data on two or more hard drives that work together
A 3D printer typically forms output by layering ________.
molten plastic
MFDs
multi function devices ex: all-in-one printers
scalable
new devices can be added as more storage as needed. devices can be added or removed with out disrupting the network.
barcode
optical code represents data with bars of varying widths or depths
OLED
organic light emitting diode. displays use layers of organic material that emit a visible light when electric current is applied
how is print speed measured?
pages per minute (ppm)
ZINK
paper that looks like regular white photo paper, but is embedded with dye crystals that change color when heat activated
what is used when writing, erasing or overwriting optical discs?
phase change technology
magnetic tape
plastic tape coated with a magnetizable substance representing the bits and bytes of digital data
magnetic hard drives contain round pieces of metal called _______________, which are coated with a magnetizable substance
platters
standard that means a computer automatically configures new devices as soon as they are installed and the computer is powered up
plug and play
burning
process of recording data onto a recordable or rewritable optical disc
key element of the CPU is the _________________, a device that controls the flow of electrons inside a chip
processor
storage area network (SAN)
provides storage for a network, consists of a separate network of hard drives or other storage devices, which connects to the main network -method of storing data on two or more hard drives that work together
what are binary bits?
the 0s and 1s of a binary data
word
the amount of data (measured in bits or bytes) a CPU can manipulate at one time.
machine cycle
the series of steps performed by a computer when the CPU processes a single basic instruction
what is a bit?
the smallest unit of data that a binary computer can recognize
what is the key element of the CPU?
the transistor
circuit board
thin board containing computer chips and other electronic componets
how are remote storage devices accessed?
through a local network or through the internet
lands
tiny depressions caused by no data being placed on a disc when it was stamped or molded to represent data
what are RAIDs most often used for?
to protect critical data on a large storage system
disk access time
total time it takes for a hard drive to read or write data
plasma displays
use layered tech. use a layer of gas between two plates of glass
Lastly, Vincent is researching various display devices. He discovers that OLED technology has many pros over LCD technology, NOT INCLUDING
using variable back lighting
what makes a head crash occur?
when the read/write head of a magnetic hard drive touches the surface of the hard disk
1 petabyte (PB) = ? terabytes
1 petabyte (PB) = 1,000 terabytes
1 terabyte (TB) = ? bytes
1 terabyte (TB) = 1 trillion bytes
1 yottabyte (YB) = ? zettabytes
1 yottabyte (YB) = 1,000 zettabytes
1 zettabyte (ZB) = ? exabytes
1 zettabyte (ZB) = 1,000 exabytes
1 megabyte (MB) = ? bytes
1 megabyte = 1 million bytes
internal cache memory
-very fast memory circuitry located on or close to the CPU that is used to speed up processing -storing the data and instructions that may be needed by the CPU in handy locations
1 exabyte (EB) = ? petabytes
1 exabyte (EB) = 1,000 petabytes
1 gigabyte (GB) = ? bytes
1 gigabyte (GB) = 1 billion bytes
1 kilobyte (KB) = ? bytes
1 kilobyte = 1,024 bytes but commonly thought of as approx 1,000 bytes
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
performs the calculations and does the comparisons needed for processing, as well as controls the other parts of the computer system. commonly called the "brain." consists of a variety of circuitry and components packaged together and are connected directly to the motherboard.
sector
pie-shaped section on the surface of a hard disk
bus interface unit
section of the CPU core that allows the core to communicate with other CPU components
Basic input/output system (BIOS)
sequence of instructions the computer follows as it is starting up
cluster
smallest storage area on a hard disk formed by one or more adjacent sectors
disk cache
stores copies of data or programs. located on the hard drive and might be needed soon. can speed up performance and save hard drive wear and tear.
Hard Drive
stores data and programs. the principal storage device for most computers
optical discs
thin circular discs made out of polycarbonate substrate that are topped with layers of other materials and coatings used to store data and protect the disc
hard drive
used to store most programs and data
memory modules or Random Access Memory (RAM)
used to store the essential parts of the operating system while the computer is running, as well as the programs and data that the computer is currently using
computer chips
very small pieces of silicon or other semiconducting material that contain integrated circuits
storage device
where the storage medium is inserted to be read from or written to
transistors
which are switches controlling the flow of electrons along the pathways