Chapter 2

network attached storage (NAS)

-high-performance storage system -connected individually to a network to provide storage for the computers connected to the network

what do both NASs and SANs provide?

-storage services to the network -are scalable

3 most common types of interfaces

1. VGA (video graphics array) 2. DVI (Digital visual interface) 3. HDMI (high definition multimedia interface)

how many bits = 1 byte

8 bits = 1 byte

Vincent is comparing the DDR3 rates of different brands of an item. That item would be ________________.

RAM

SDRAM is available in these 3 versions:

DDR (double data rate) DDR2 DDR3

Today, many notebook and netbook computers use _____ instead of PC Cards to give them additional capabilities.

ExpressCard modules

True/False: A computer byte is the amount of data (measured in bits) that a CPU can manipulate at one time

False

True/False: Most computers today use CRT monitors

False

True/False: Most computers today use CRT monitors.

False

IEEE 1934 is another name for

FireWire

True/False: CD, DVD, and BD drives are types of optical drives

True

True/False: the capacity of most USD flash drives today ranges from 2 GB to 256 GB

True

True/False: the main circuit inside the system unit is called the motherboard

True

most personal printers today connect to a computer today via _________________________

USB connection

most personal printers today connect to a computer via

USB connection

all data processed by a binary computer MUST be in this form

binary

what lasers are used to put data on to Blue-ray discs (BD)?

blue-violet lasers

pits

bumps created when a disc is stamped or molded to represent the data placed on it

bus width + bus speed =

bus' throughput (or bandwidth)

Windows Live SkyDrive is an example of ___________________

cloud storage

integrated circuits

collections of electronic circuits containing microscopic pathways that electrical currents can travel along

hybrid hard drive

combination of a flash memory and magnetic hard drive

________ input data from special forms to score or tally exams, questionnaires, ballots, and so forth

OMRs

PPI

Pixels per inch. quality of scanned images

RFID Tags/cards

contain tiny chips and radio antennas

smart card

credit card sized piece of plastic that contains computer circuitry and components

DPI

dots per inch. quality of printed images

optical drive

drive designed to read optical discs

dot-matrix printer

economical printer used for when the emphasis is quantity over quality

speech recognition systems

enables the computer to recognize voice input and spoken words

what is the most common type of flash memory media?

flash memory card

embedded flash memory

flash memory chips embedded into products

_____________ have begun to replace ______________ for storing system information such as a computer's BIOS.

flash memory chips, ROM

USB flash drive

flash memory media integrated into a self-contained unit that plugs into a USB port

inkjet printers

form images by spraying tiny drops or liquid ink from one or more cartridges, one line at a time

laser printers

form images with toner powder and are the standard for business documents

what is the primary difference between the network attached storage and a storage area network?

how the storage devices interface with the network

what lasers are used to put data on to conventional CDs?

infrared lasers

optical mark readers

input data from special forms to score or tally exams, questionnaires, ballots, etc

storage server

storage system. a separate piece of hardware containing multiple high speed hard drives connected to the computer system or network

system clock

synchronizes the computer's operations. a small quartz crystal located on the motherboard.

SDRAM

synchronous dynamic RAM

Radio frequency identification (RFID)

tech that can store, read, and transmit data located in RFID tags/cards

magnetic hard drive

a hard drive consisting of one or more metal magnetic disks permanently sealed, along with an access mechanism and read/write heads, inside its drive.

how can a port connect to a motherboard (2 ways)

1. built into the motherboard 2. created with an expansion card inserted into an expansion slot on the motherboard

4 parts of the machine cycle

1. fetch 2. decode 3. execute 4. store

what does disk access time require?

1. seek time 2. rotational delay 3. data movement time

list 2 main advantages of the optical discs?

1. their large capacity 2. durability

what are external hard drives commonly used for?

1. used to transport a large amount of data from one 2.backup purposes 3. additional storage

what company developed FireWire?

Apple

file

a named collection of bytes that represent a type of data

port

a special connector accessible through the exterior of the system unit case that is used to connect an external hardware device

DVD Drive

accesses data stored on CDs or DVDs

Flash memory card reader

accesses data stored on flash memory cards

FireWire

aka IEEE 1394 a high-speed bus standard for connecting multimedia devices

throughput

aka bandwidth the amount of data that can be transferred via the bus in a given time period

expansion cards

aka interface cards circuit boards that are used to give desktop computers additional capabilities

expansion card

also called interface cards. connects peripheral devices or adds new capabilities to a computer

what is the typical disk access time?

around 8.5 milliseconds (ms)

expansion buses

buses that connect peripheral (typically input and output) devices to the motherboard

memory

chips located inside the system unit that the computer uses to store data and instructions while it is working with them

cylinder

collection of one specific track located on each hard disk surface

binary computers

computers which can only understand two states, represented by the digits 0 and 1

tracks

concentric ring in the surface of a hard disk where data is recorded

expansion slots

connect expansion cards to the motherboard to add additional capabilities. each slot is designed for a specific type of expansion card.

memory slots

connect memory modules to the motherboard

USB Ports

connects USB devices to the computer.

ROM (read-only memory)

consists of nonvolatile chips that permanently store data or programs. chips are attached to the motherboard inside the system unit, and the data or programs are retrieved by the computer when they are needed. you CANNOT write over the data or programs in ROM chips. you CANNOT erase their content when you shut off the computer's power (that's why they're called read-only)

flash memory

consists of nonvolatile memory chips that the user or computer can use for storage. have begun to replace ROM for storing system info

power supply

converts standard electrical power into a form the computer can use

fan

cools the CPU

transistor

device made of semiconductor material that controls the flow of electrons inside a chip.

Double Data Rate (DDR)

each level down sends data twice as much as the previous level. the levels are: SDRAM DDR DDR2 DDR3

bus

electronic path over which data can travel

what does the additional flash memory in a hybrid hard drive allow to be built in the drive?

encryptions or other security measures

how does a binary computer work?

enter data into a computer, the computer translates the natural-language symbols you input into binary 0s and 1s, processes that data, then translates and outputs the results in a form we can understand

expansion slots are designed for specific _______

expansion cards

disadvantage of SSDs (1 listed)

flash memory cells can wear out with repeated use

virtually all personal computers come with a __________ ___________ with the exception of computers designed to use only network storage devices

hard drive

what is a solid state drive (SSD)?

hard drive that uses flash memory technology aka flash memory hard drive

storage medium

hardware where data is actually stored

register

high-speed memory built into the CPU that temporarily stores data during processing -THE FASTEST type of memory used by the CPU

which is faster: higher clock speed or lower clock speed?

higher clock speed. the fastest CPUs have a clock speed of more than 3 GHz

Drive bays

hold storage devices, such as the DVD or hard drive

How many transistors are in a CPU?

hundreds of millions

multi-core CPUs

CPUs that contain the processing components or cores of multiple independent processors in a single CPU

Do SSDs have any parts that move to store or retrieve data?

No, this is why their access time is much faster than magnetic hard drives. practically instant

USB 1.0 = ? Mbps transfer rate

USB 1.0 = 12 Mbps

USB 2.0 = ? Mbps transfer rate

USB 2.0 = 480 Mbps

USB 3.0 = ? Gbps transfer rate

USB 3.0 = 4.8 Gbps

what does USB stand for?

Universal Serial Bus

expansion slots

locations on the motherboard into which expansion cards can be inserted to connect those cards to the motherboard

system unit

main case of a computer

motherboard

main circuit board inside the system unit. all devices used with a computer need to be connected to it

clock speed

measurement of the processing speed of a CPU. measured by the number of instructions that can be processed per second. measured in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz)

ExpressCard module

module that can be inserted into a peripheral device to that computer

what computers are ExpressCard modules normally used with?

notebook computers

bus width

number of wires in the bus over which data can travel

control unit

part of a CPU core that coordinates its operations

floating point unit (FPU)

part of a CPU core that performs decimal arithmetic

arithmetic/logic unit (ALU)

part of a CPU core that performs integer arithmetic and logical operations

prefetch unit

part of a CPU core that retrieves data and instructions before they are needed for processing to avoid delays

decode unit

part of a CPU core that translates instructions into a form that can be processed by the ALU and FLU

biometric readers

read a person's biometric data so their ID can be verified

what lasers are used to put data on to conventional DVDs?

red lasers

remote storage

refers to using a storage device which is not connected directly to the user's computer

online storage or cloud storage

remote storage devices accessed via the internet

flash memory card

small, rectangular flash memory medium. ex: camera card or SIM card

pixel

smallest colorable area on a display device

data movement time

(during disk access time) the data moves, such as reading the data from the hard disk and transferring it to memory, or transfers from memory and is stored on the hard disk

rotational delay

(during disk access time) the hard disks rotate into the proper position so that the read/write heads are located over the part of the cylinder to be used

seek time

(during disk access time) the read/write heads move to the cylinder that contains (or will contain) the desired data

____________________ cache is the fastest level of cache.

Level 1 or L1

optical character recognition (OCR)

ability of a computer to recognize text characters

input devices

any piece of equipment used to enter data into the computer

LED

light emitting diode. flat panel technology.

LCD

liquid crystal display. charged liquid crystals located between two sheets of clear material to light up the appropriate pixels to form the image on the screen.

All storage systems involve two physical parts—a storage ____________________ and a storage ____________________.

medium, device

Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID)

method or storing data on two or more hard drives that work together

A 3D printer typically forms output by layering ________.

molten plastic

MFDs

multi function devices ex: all-in-one printers

scalable

new devices can be added as more storage as needed. devices can be added or removed with out disrupting the network.

barcode

optical code represents data with bars of varying widths or depths

OLED

organic light emitting diode. displays use layers of organic material that emit a visible light when electric current is applied

how is print speed measured?

pages per minute (ppm)

ZINK

paper that looks like regular white photo paper, but is embedded with dye crystals that change color when heat activated

what is used when writing, erasing or overwriting optical discs?

phase change technology

magnetic tape

plastic tape coated with a magnetizable substance representing the bits and bytes of digital data

magnetic hard drives contain round pieces of metal called _______________, which are coated with a magnetizable substance

platters

standard that means a computer automatically configures new devices as soon as they are installed and the computer is powered up

plug and play

burning

process of recording data onto a recordable or rewritable optical disc

key element of the CPU is the _________________, a device that controls the flow of electrons inside a chip

processor

storage area network (SAN)

provides storage for a network, consists of a separate network of hard drives or other storage devices, which connects to the main network -method of storing data on two or more hard drives that work together

what are binary bits?

the 0s and 1s of a binary data

word

the amount of data (measured in bits or bytes) a CPU can manipulate at one time.

machine cycle

the series of steps performed by a computer when the CPU processes a single basic instruction

what is a bit?

the smallest unit of data that a binary computer can recognize

what is the key element of the CPU?

the transistor

circuit board

thin board containing computer chips and other electronic componets

how are remote storage devices accessed?

through a local network or through the internet

lands

tiny depressions caused by no data being placed on a disc when it was stamped or molded to represent data

what are RAIDs most often used for?

to protect critical data on a large storage system

disk access time

total time it takes for a hard drive to read or write data

plasma displays

use layered tech. use a layer of gas between two plates of glass

Lastly, Vincent is researching various display devices. He discovers that OLED technology has many pros over LCD technology, NOT INCLUDING

using variable back lighting

what makes a head crash occur?

when the read/write head of a magnetic hard drive touches the surface of the hard disk

1 petabyte (PB) = ? terabytes

1 petabyte (PB) = 1,000 terabytes

1 terabyte (TB) = ? bytes

1 terabyte (TB) = 1 trillion bytes

1 yottabyte (YB) = ? zettabytes

1 yottabyte (YB) = 1,000 zettabytes

1 zettabyte (ZB) = ? exabytes

1 zettabyte (ZB) = 1,000 exabytes

1 megabyte (MB) = ? bytes

1 megabyte = 1 million bytes

internal cache memory

-very fast memory circuitry located on or close to the CPU that is used to speed up processing -storing the data and instructions that may be needed by the CPU in handy locations

1 exabyte (EB) = ? petabytes

1 exabyte (EB) = 1,000 petabytes

1 gigabyte (GB) = ? bytes

1 gigabyte (GB) = 1 billion bytes

1 kilobyte (KB) = ? bytes

1 kilobyte = 1,024 bytes but commonly thought of as approx 1,000 bytes

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

performs the calculations and does the comparisons needed for processing, as well as controls the other parts of the computer system. commonly called the "brain." consists of a variety of circuitry and components packaged together and are connected directly to the motherboard.

sector

pie-shaped section on the surface of a hard disk

bus interface unit

section of the CPU core that allows the core to communicate with other CPU components

Basic input/output system (BIOS)

sequence of instructions the computer follows as it is starting up

cluster

smallest storage area on a hard disk formed by one or more adjacent sectors

disk cache

stores copies of data or programs. located on the hard drive and might be needed soon. can speed up performance and save hard drive wear and tear.

Hard Drive

stores data and programs. the principal storage device for most computers

optical discs

thin circular discs made out of polycarbonate substrate that are topped with layers of other materials and coatings used to store data and protect the disc

hard drive

used to store most programs and data

memory modules or Random Access Memory (RAM)

used to store the essential parts of the operating system while the computer is running, as well as the programs and data that the computer is currently using

computer chips

very small pieces of silicon or other semiconducting material that contain integrated circuits

storage device

where the storage medium is inserted to be read from or written to

transistors

which are switches controlling the flow of electrons along the pathways