Chapter 2 test

When reading an empirical journal article "with a purpose," which two questions should you ask yourself as you read? "What were the methods?" and "What are the results?" "What research exists on this topic?" and "What research needs to be conducted to answer the question?" "What is the argument?" and "What is the evidence to support the argument?" "What is the hypothesis?" and "What are the explanations?"

"What is the argument?" and "What is the evidence to support the argument?"

You are looking for a summary of research on the effect size of childhood abuse on adult depression. Which of the following scientific sources would be an ideal source? A peer-reviewed journal article An edited book A meta-analysis A chapter in an edited book

A meta-analysis

A group of students recorded the amount of time they studied for an exam in their research methods course and the grade they received on the exam. The scatter plot shows a positive, linear relationship. What statement best describes this relationship between time spent studying and exam grade? As study time increases, exam grades decreased. As study time increased, exam grades increased. As study time increased, exam grades decreased at first and then increased. As study time increased, exam grades increased at first and then decreased.

As study time increased, exam grades increased.

Which of the following questions assesses internal validity when evaluating causal claims -How well did the experiments manipulate the variables? -To what populations can we generalize the results? -Did the researcher randomly assign participants to the different groups? -Are the groups large enough to find a significant difference?

Did the researcher randomly assign participants to the different groups?

If you are interested in reading an overview of peer-reviewed scientific research within a specific area, which of the following reading sources would you choose? Edited books Popular magazines The website of a well-known newspaper Google

Edited books

Which of the following is a limitation of Google Scholar compared to PsycINFO? Google Scholar is not limited to just psychology and related fields. Google Scholar does not provide PDF versions of articles. Google Scholar can only be accessed from certain computers. Google Scholar is not free to use.

Google Scholar is not limited to just psychology and related fields.

You and your friends go to see a speaker on campus. The speaker, Dr. Phil, is an "expert" on getting into graduate school. Which of the following should make you less skeptical about his advice? -His recommendations are based on research he conducted for his doctoral dissertation. -His recommendations are based on techniques that have worked for his students. -His recommendations are based on the techniques that helped him get into graduate school. -His recommendations are similar to what you already knew before you came to his talk.

His recommendations are based on research he conducted for his doctoral dissertation.

What does the impact factor of a journal tell you? -Where that journal is ranked by scientists. -That the journal is definitely not predatory because predatory journals do not have impact factors. -How difficult the articles in that journal are to read. -How often, on average, papers in that journal have been cited.

How often, on average, papers in that journal have been cited.

What does it mean that behavioral research is probabilistic? -Behavioral research requires the calculation of probability estimates. -Conclusions drawn from behavioral research are probably true. -Behavioral research involves probability sampling. -Inferences drawn from behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases.

Inferences drawn from behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases.

You are reading an empirical journal article and you want to know whether the authors used the Big Five Inventory or the MMPI to measure extraversion. In which section would you find this information? Results Introduction Discussion Method

Method

Which of the following is NOT a section or subsection commonly found in an empirical journal article? Procedure Outcomes Participants Abstract

Outcomes

Which of the following is true of operational definitions? -Some psychological concepts are more difficult to operationally define than others. -Psychological concepts only have one operational definition. -Operational definitions answer the question, "Why did the researchers measure this variable?" -Conceptual definitions and operational definitions are the same thing.

Some psychological concepts are more difficult to operationally define than others.

Which of the following is true of variables? Variables can only have one level. Variables are the same thing as constants. All variables can be manipulated. Some variables can be either manipulated or measured.

Some variables can be either manipulated or measured.

Which of the following is a causal claim? Texting while driving is associated with poor impulse control. Teens spend too much time texting. Most drivers have reported texting while driving. Texting interferes with a driver's ability to pay attention.

Texting interferes with a driver's ability to pay attention.

A common finding in the study of aggression is that exposure to television is associated with increased aggressive behavior in children. You know this relationship may not be causal because you are not sure which occurred first: watching television or being aggressive. You are questioning which of the following rules of causation? The third-variable problem The criterion of external validity The criterion of covariance The criterion of temporal precedence

The criterion of temporal precedence

What is one reason that causal claims cannot be made from correlational studies -Correlational studies only involve a single variable. -The temporal order of the variables is unknown. -Participants are randomly assigned to groups. -Correlations are not sensitive enough to detect causal associations.

The temporal order of the variables is unknown.

A common finding in the study of aggression is that exposure to television is associated with increased aggressive behavior in children. You are curious as to whether peer pressure is really to blame (peer pressure encourages you to watch television and peer pressure encourages you to be aggressive). You are questioning which of the following criteria of causation? The third-variable problem The criterion of temporal precedence The criterion of external validity The criterion of covariance

The third-variable problem

Which of the following is a problem presented by the availability heuristic? -We do not carefully examine our own experience. -We will never be correct in our conclusions. -We do not examine all of the evidence, only what we can quickly think of. -We rely on the opinions of others rather than our own opinions.

We do not examine all of the evidence, only what we can quickly think of.

You have measured job satisfaction and the number of years of education for a group of employees. While examining your scatterplot, you see that the cloud of data points has no slope. This indicates which type of relationship? Negative association Causal association Positive association Zero association

Zero association

Two biases of intuition discussed in the text are -overconfidence bias and oversimplification bias. -probabilistic thinking and nonintuitive thinking. -being swayed by a good story and being persuaded by what comes easily to mind. -the present/present bias and the research confederate bias.

being swayed by a good story and being persuaded by what comes easily to mind.

Different factors that could account for significant results are called _____. predictions confounds hypotheses biases

confounds

If you wanted to know exactly which statistical analyses were used in a particular study, you should consult the _____. -method section of a journal article -introduction of a journal article -results section of a journal article -discussion section of a journal article

results section of a journal article

A scatterplot is a graph -that shows changes over time on a single variable. -used to show causal associations. -that shows the size of the difference on a variable between two groups. -with points plotted to show a possible relationship between two sets of data.

with points plotted to show a possible relationship between two sets of data.

You are writing your first empirical journal article. Although you think you know why you found the results you did, you also want to mention some alternative explanations for your findings. In which section will you mention these alternative explanations? Discussion Method Results References

Discussion

A psychiatrist is testing a medication that treats anxiousness. He has given the medication to all his patients, and all of them have experienced a decrease in their feeling of anxiousness. Although this is interesting, his experience is limited because he does not have -a reliable way to measure anxious feelings. -psychotherapy to supplement the medication. -a comparison group that did not receive the medication. -a hypothesis statement.

a comparison group that did not receive the medication.