Human Anatomy Chapter 6

What is found within the central canal of an osteon? A. Blood vessels B. Osteoclasts C. Osteocytes D. Primarily hydroxyapatite E. Primarily collagen

A. Blood vessels

What protein are bone matrix fibers are composed of? A. Collagen B. Elastin C. Keratin D. Fibrin E. Osteon

A. Collagen

Which imaging technique is used to diagnose osteoporosis? A. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) B. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) C. Positron emission tomography (PET) D. Computed tomography (CT) E. Ultrasound

A. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

Osteoporosis is most common in elderly women due to their lack of what? A. Estrogen B. Osteoclast activity C. Parathyroid hormone D. Dietary calcium E. Vigorous exercise

A. Estrogen

What joins the processes of adjacent osteocytes? A. Gap junctions B. Tight junctions C. Desmosomes D. Intercalated discs E. Canicular junctions

A. Gap junctions

What do most bones develop from? A. Hyaline cartilage B. Osseous tissue C. Bone marrow D. Endoderm E. Fibrocartilage

A. Hyaline cartilage

Which of the following components of the bone matrix is inorganic? A. Hydroxyapatite B. Collagen C. Glycosaminoglycan D. Glycoprotein E. Proteoglycan

A. Hydroxyapatite

Which cells are responsible for detecting strain in bone and stimulating osteoblasts activity? A. Osteocytes B. Osteoprogenitor cells C. B cells D. Osteoclasts E. Resorption cells

A. Osteocytes

__________ is(are) formed in an early stage in intramembranous ossification. A. Osteoid tissue B. A secondary ossification center C. Chondrocyte proliferation D. Chondrocyte hypertrophy E. Blood cells

A. Osteoid tissue

What is the technical term for a gradual loss of bone that usually begins between ages 30 and 40? A. Osteopenia B. Osteoporosis C. Achondroplastic dwarfism D. Rickets E. Osteomalacia

A. Osteopenia

Which of the following describes a comminuted fracture? A. The bone is broken into three or more pieces. B. The bone is bent on one side and has an incomplete fracture on the other side. C. The fracture is parallel to the long axis of the bone. D. A fine crack is visible but bones are still aligned. E. The fracture spirals around the axis of a long bone.

A. The bone is broken into three or more pieces.

Osseous tissue is a(an) ____________ tissue. A. connective B. epithelial C. dense regular D. dense irregular E. reticular

A. connective

The center cavity of the diaphysis of a long bone is called the __________. A. marrow cavity B. central canal C. nutrient foramen D. canaliculus E. epiphysis

A. marrow cavity

If it were not for the __________, osteocytes in the outer lamellae of an osteon would not be able to transport their wastes to the bloodstream for removal. A. matrix B. nutrient canals C. canaliculi D. trabeculae E. ruffled border

C. canaliculi

A fracture in which the bone is broken into three or more pieces is called a __________ fracture. A. linear B. Pott C. comminuted D. greenstick E. compound

C. comminuted

When ____________ become enclosed in lacunae, they become cells called _____________. A. osteogenic cells; osteoblasts B. osteoblasts; osteoclasts C. osteoblasts; osteocytes D. osteocytes; osteoclasts E. osteocytes; osteoblasts

C. osteoblasts; osteocytes

When ____________ become enclosed in lacunae, they become cells called _____________. A. osteogenic cells; osteoblasts B. osteoblasts; osteoclasts C. osteoblasts; osteocytes D. osteocytes; osteoclasts E. osteocytes; osteoblasts

C. osteoblasts; osteocytes

__________ bone is always surrounded by __________. A. Compact; cartilage B. Compact; spongy bone C. Spongy; compact bone D. A diaphysis; an epiphysis E. Spongy; a medullary cavity

C. Spongy; compact bone

Where does blood cell formation typically occur in a bone? A. The epiphyseal plate B. The articular cartilage C. The red bone marrow D. The yellow bone marrow E. The gelatinous bone marrow

C. The red bone marrow

Which of the following is not a function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)? A. Promote calcium reabsorption by the kidneys B. Stimulate osteoclast activity C. Lower blood calcium D. Promote calcitriol synthesis E. Inhibit osteoblast activity

C. Lower blood calcium

What type of cell may an osteogenic cell give rise to? A. Osteoclast B. Osteocyte C. Osteoblast D. B cell E. Haversian cell

C. Osteoblast

What is found within the lacunae of bone? A. Monocytes B. Osteoblasts C. Osteocytes D. Osteoclasts E. Chondrocytes

C. Osteocytes

What bony arrangement would most effectively resist forces associated with weight bearing? A. Trabeculae arranged in a random fashion permeated with large marrow spaces B. Lamellae of compact bone with collagen fibers arranged in tightly coiled helices C. Lamellae of compact bone with collagen fibers arranged in bundles parallel to the long axis of the diaphysis D. A diaphysis consisting of compact bone surrounded by a layer of trabecular bone E. Epiphyses with numerous spicules of bone that are randomly arranged

B. Lamellae of compact bone with collagen fibers arranged in tightly coiled helices

If a child has a vitamin D deficiency, what condition is likely to result? A. Osteoporosis B. Achondroplastic dwarfism C. Rickets D. Osteogenesis imperfecta E. Osteitis deformans

C. Rickets

You find an animal bone while hiking. It is nearly equal in length and width. How would you classify it? A. As a long bone B. As a tibia C. As a short bone D. As a flat bone E. As an irregular bone

C. As a short bone

If a thyroid tumor secreted an excessive amount of calcitonin, which of the following would we expect to see? A. An elevated level of osteoclast activity B. An elevated level of osteoblast activity C. A reduced rate of endochondral ossification D. A rise in blood calcium concentration E. Increasingly brittle bones

B. An elevated level of osteoblast activity

Red bone marrow is responsible for which of the following functions? A. Bone deposition B. Hemopoiesis C. Storage of minerals such as calcium D. Endochondral ossification E. Storage of energy

B. Hemopoiesis

What is the role of the perichondrium that surrounds the cartilaginous model early in the process of endochondral ossification? A. It produces red bone marrow. B. It produces chondrocytes and the model grows. C. It produces osteoclasts. D. It forms the epiphyseal plate. E. It forms trabeculae that accumulate osteoid.

B. It produces chondrocytes and the model grows.

Which of the following is true of spongy bone? A. Lamellae are arranged in concentric circles in osteons. B. Nourishment is supplied through a central canal. C. Bone is arranged in plates called trabeculae. D. Arrangement of the bony plates is completely random. E. The spaces are filled with yellow marrow.

C. Bone is arranged in plates called trabeculae.

What is the branch of medicine that deals with injuries and disorders of bones, joints, and muscles? A. Arthrology B. Orthopedics C. Podiatry D. Osteology E. Pediatrics

B. Orthopedics

Which of the following cells has up to 50 nuclei and a ruffled border? A. Osteoblast B. Osteoclast C. Osteocyte D. Macrophage E. Osteogenic cell

B. Osteoclast

Which one of the following bone cells would have the greatest number of lysosomes? A. Osteoblasts B. Osteoclasts C. Osteocytes D. Osteogenic cells E. Stem cells

B. Osteoclasts

Which type of cell gives rise to osteoclasts? A. Haversian cell B. Osteoprogenitor cell C. Monocyte D. Lymphocyte E. Osteoblast

B. Osteoprogenitor cell

Which of the following would decrease bone deposition by osteoblasts? A. Calcitonin B. Parathyroid hormone C. Growth hormone D. Testosterone E. Estrogen

B. Parathyroid hormone

An elderly woman with pronounced kyphosis suffers a hip fracture. What type of fracture is most likely? A. Stress fracture B. Pathologic fracture C. Closed reduction fracture D. Fragmentary fracture E. Uncomplicated fracture

B. Pathologic fracture

What anchors the periosteum to the bone tissue beneath it? A. Long collagen fibers that penetrate tendons B. Perforating fibers C. Haversian fibers D. A thin layer of hyaline cartilage E. Perforating blood vessels

B. Perforating fibers

Where is the primary center of ossification in endochondral ossification of a long bone? A. The medullary cavity B. The diaphysis C. The epiphysis D. The mesenchyme E. The metaphysis

B. The diaphysis

In a study of ancient populations, what feature of skeletons would an anthropologist use to determine whether or not individuals were engaged in activities such as heavy lifting? A. The size of the pelvis B. The markings on bones related to mechanical stress C. The microscopic structure of the compact bone D. The size and shape of the skull E. The microscopic structure of spongy bone

B. The markings on bones related to mechanical stress

If a thyroid tumor secreted an excessive amount of calcitonin, we would expect ___________. A. an elevated level of osteoclast activity B. an elevated level of osteoblast activity C. a reduced rate of endochondral ossification D. a rise in blood calcium concentration E. increasingly brittle bones

B. an elevated level of osteoblast activity

Chondrocytes multiply in the zone of __________ of the metaphysis. A. reserve cartilage B. cell proliferation C. cell hypertrophy D. calcification E. bone deposition

B. cell proliferation

The __________ forms by endochondral ossification. A. frontal bone B. humerus C. clavicle D. temporal bone E. parietal bone

B. humerus

Wolff's law of bone explains the effect of __________. A. different diets on bone elongation B. mechanical stress on bone remodeling C. temperature on bone growth D. age on bone thickening E. sex on bone widening

B. mechanical stress on bone remodeling

An adolescent grows in height mainly because of events that occur in the __________ of the skeleton. A. medullary cavities B. metaphyses C. endosteum D. epicondyles E. hemopoietic tissue

B. metaphyses

In the early twentieth century, people sometimes ingested radioactive substances in "health drinks" made with radium-enriched water. Why did they often develop bone cancer? A. The radium leached bone mineral from the skeleton. B. The radium caused tumors in the digestive tract which then spread to the bone tissue. C. Bone tissue absorbs foreign elements from the blood and the radium directly affected bone cells. D. The radium caused lung cancer that then spread to the bone tissue. E. There is no evidence that the development of bone cancer was related to ingestion of radium.

C. Bone tissue absorbs foreign elements from the blood and the radium directly affected bone cells

Which of the following is formed by intramembranous ossification? A. Femur B. Rib C. Clavicle D. Ulna E. Ilium

C. Clavicle

What is the role of vitamin C in bone growth? A. It is necessary for the absorption of calcium by the digestive system. B. It stimulates osteoblast activity. C. It promotes the cross-linking of collagen molecules in bone. D. It promotes synthesis of the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) of the bone matrix. E. It promotes proliferation of cartilage at the epiphyseal plates.

C. It promotes the cross-linking of collagen molecules in bone.

What does a canaliculus of compact bone contain? A. Nerves B. Blood vessels C. An abundance of collagen fibers D. A process of an osteocyte E. Mainly hydroxyapatite

D. A process of an osteocyte

A failure of chondrocytes to multiply and enlarge in the metaphysis results in which of the following conditions? A. Osteomalacia B. Osteoporosis C. Rickets D. Achondroplastic dwarfism E. Fracture

D. Achondroplastic dwarfism

As bones lengthen, what occurs at the zone of hypertrophy in the metaphysis? A. Osteoblasts deposit matrix and spongy bone is produced. B. Chondrocytes multiply. C. Chondrocytes die and walls between lacunae break down. D. Chondrocytes become larger. E. Cartilage is calcified when minerals are deposited in matrix between lacunae.

D. Chondrocytes become larger.

What is the role of vitamin A in bone deposition? A. It provides the raw material for calcification of the ground substance. B. It promotes the cross-linking of collagen molecules. C. It is necessary for calcium absorption by the small intestine. D. It promotes the synthesis of bone matrix glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). E. It stimulates osteoblast activity.

D. It promotes the synthesis of bone matrix glycosaminoglycans (GAGs).

Most limb bones are classified as what shape? A. Short B. Flat C. Irregular D. Long E. Wide

D. Long

In an adult, which of the following bones would be producing the largest number of blood cells? A. Ulna B. Metacarpals C. Calcaneus D. Sternum E. Tibia

D. Sternum

What would you find in the marrow cavity of the diaphysis of an adult humerus (arm bone)? A. Periosteum B. Hemopoietic tissue C. Red bone marrow D. Yellow bone marrow E. Compact bone

D. Yellow bone marrow

Bone protrudes through the skin in a fracture called __________. A. complete B. incomplete C. closed D. open E. displaced

D. open

A long bone is covered externally with a sheath called the __________, whereas the marrow cavity is lined with the __________. A. epiphysis; diaphysis B. diaphysis; epiphysis C. compact bone; spongy bone D. periosteum; endosteum E. endosteum; periosteum

D. periosteum; endosteum

The process of dissolving bone and returning its minerals to the bloodstream is known as _________. A. mineralization B. mineral deposition C. crystallization D. resorption E. ossification

D. resorption

Bone growth occurs at the metaphysis in a series of steps. Choose the number sequence that correctly orders the steps listed below. (1) Minerals are deposited in the matrix between columns of lacunae. (2) Chondrocytes multiply and arrange themselves into longitudinal columns of flattened lacunae. (3) A region of spongy bone is produced. (4) Chondrocytes enlarge (hypertrophy) and walls between the lacunae become thin. (5) Chondrocytes die, walls between lacunae disintegrate, and osteoblasts deposit matrix. A. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 B. 2, 5, 1, 3, 4 C. 2, 1, 4, 5, 3 D. 4, 2, 5, 1, 3 E. 2, 4, 1, 5, 3

E. 2, 4, 1, 5, 3

Which of the following best describes hydroxyapatite? A. A secretion of the osteoclasts B. Dissolved minerals in the tissue fluid C. Dissolved minerals in the blood plasma D. Fibrous protein in the bone matrix E. Calcium phosphate in the bone matrix

E. Calcium phosphate in the bone matrix

Which of the following is not necessary for normal bone growth? A. Vitamin D B. Vitamin C C. Sex steroids D. Calcitonin E. Carotene

E. Carotene

Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system? A. It protects the viscera. B. It produces blood cells. C. It removes toxins from the blood. D. It stores and releases minerals. E. It produces vitamin C.

E. It produces vitamin C.

The term "bone" is used to refer to which of the following? A. Osteocytes and osteoblasts B. Osseous tissue C. Organs such as the humerus and femur D. Osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts E. Osseous tissue and organs such as the humerus and femur

E. Osseous tissue and organs such as the humerus and femur

Which cells are responsible for the breakdown of bone? A. C cells B. Osteoprogenitor cells C. Haversian cells D. Osteoblasts E. Osteoclasts

E. Osteoclasts

In the development of the skeleton, what typically occurs between the ages of 18 to 21? A. Bone remodeling ceases. B. Red marrow turns to yellow marrow. C. Appositional growth ceases. D. Mineral deposition ceases. E. The epiphyseal plates fuse.

E. The epiphyseal plates fuse.

A(n) __________ covers most parts of a bone except for its articular cartilage. A. epiphyseal plate B. tendon C. diploe D. epicondyle E. periosteum

E. periosteum