Western Civilization Ch 13 Final

How did the closing of the monasteries and convents affect upper-class women?

Marriage became virtually the only occupation for upper-class women.

Why did Elizabeth I have her cousin and heir Mary, Queen of Scots, executed?

Mary became implicated in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth.

Why did Protestants allow the dissolution of marriages in divorce?

Protestants viewed marriage as a contract for mutual support, and married partners who failed to provide support endangered their souls and the entire community.

The overriding goal of the Catholic religious orders established in the sixteenth century was

To uplift the moral condition of both clergy and laity.

Luther believed that marriage

brought spiritual advantages and was the ideal state for nearly all human beings.

In the early sixteenth century, anticlericalism focused primarily on all of the following issues except

clerical heresy

Protestants argued that the highest form of Christian life is

for each individual to serve God through his or her individual calling.

The Consistory was

A body of laymen and pastors who led Geneva.

How did Inquisitors view most people accused of witchcraft?

As superstitious and ignorant peasants who should be educated rather than executed

The Edict of Nantes

Granted French Huguenots the right to worship in 150 towns.

The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis ended the conflict known as the

Habsburg-Valois Wars

What aided Martin Luther as his call for reform emerged?

Luther understood the power of the new printing press and authorized the publication of his works.

The Pilgrimage of Grace attested to

popular opposition, in northern England, to Henry VIII's reformation

The dissolution of the English monasteries

resulted from Henry VIII's desire to confiscate their wealth

The Reformation in England was primarily the result of

the dynastic and romantic concerns of Henry VIII

Luther believed that the church consisted of

the spiritual priesthood of all believers.

Martin Luther's first response to the Peasants' War was

to side with the peasants

In religious affairs, Elizabeth I of England followed a policy that

was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes

A new religious order for women that emerged in the sixteenth century was the

Ursuline Order

How widespread was the influence of the Inquisition?

The Inquisition effectively destroyed heresy within the Papal States but had little influence elsewhere.

How did the choice to embrace or reject the Reform movement occur in a territory or region in the Holy Roman Empire?

The political leader(s) of the territory or region determined whether to introduce reforms.

Why did most ordinary Poles oppose the Lutheran reform movement

They held strong anti-German feelings.

The Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre led to

a lengthy civil war

The inquisitorial legal procedure differed from the accusatorial legal procedure in all of the following ways except

a suspect would not be told the charges against him

What were Lutheran and Calvinist attitudes toward secular rulers?

Lutherans taught respect for authority while Calvinists encouraged opposition to political authorities who were considered ungodly.

In Hungary, Lutheranism was

Spread by Hungarian students who had studied at the University of Wittenberg.