Chapter 2 True/False

Réussis tes devoirs et examens dès maintenant avec Quizwiz!

Oxytocin is a pituitary hormone that plays an important role in social bonding.

TRue

A Positron emission tomography (PET) is an imaging technique that uses the rate of glucose consumption as a measure of brain activity.

True

A computed tomographic scan (CT scan) is an x-ray image that is computer-enhanced to make it clearer.

True

A mirror neuron in the motor cortex becomes active when we perform an action and when we observe someone else carrying out the same action.

True

A nerve is a bundle of neuron axons.

True

A part of the brain (visual association area) is set aside solely for identifying faces.

True

A release of endorphins in the brain, which is triggered by pain, seems to underlie runner's high, masochism, acupuncture, and sports parachuting.

True

According to Hebb's rule repeated activation of synapses between two neurons strengthens the connection between them.

True

Action potentials are carried down the axon of the neuron to the axon terminals.

True

Although many neurons in the brain die every day, the brain simultaneously grows new neurons to replace them.

True

Although the cerebral cortex is only 3 millimeters thick, it contains 70% of the neurons in the central nervous system.

True

Association areas (association cortex) combine and process primary sensory information and memory—such as recognizing a rose, but also being able to label the rose verbally.

True

Clumsiness, an awkward gait, and poor hand-eye coordination are examples of neurological soft signs.

True

Curare causes paralysis by blocking the transmission of acetylcholine at receptor sites on muscles.

True

Damage to Wernicke's area of the brain results in a receptive aphasia.

True

Damage to the cerebellum leads to difficulties walking and running, because this structure regulates posture, muscle tone, and muscle contraction.

True

Damage to the right hemisphere of the brain can lead to a problem called spatial neglect in which affected patients pay no attention to the left side of visual space. For example, the patient may not eat food on the left side of the plate.

True

Each day thousands of new neurons are produced and become linked with other neurons to become a part of the brain's circuitry.

True

Executive functioning involving the prefrontal cortex is at the heart of self-regulation.

True

Functional MRI studies indicate that there is greater activity in the frontal areas of the brain when someone is lying.

True

GABA is an inhibitory transmitter that influences mood and deficiencies of this neurotransmitter are linked to experiences of anxiety.

True

It is likely that the new neurons produced in the brain are involved in learning, memory and adaptation to changing circumstances.

True

Language tasks lead to activation of the left hemisphere in men and both the left and right hemisphere in women.

True

Melatonin is a hormone that is released by the pineal gland in response to daily cycles of light and dark. Levels of this hormone rise at dusk and peak around midnight, and falls again as morning approaches.

True

Mirror neurons are thought to be involved in human empathy, learning by imitation, and autism spectrum disorders.

True

Multiple sclerosis is a disease where the immune system destroys the myelin on neurons.

True

Neural plasticity, learning and experience can increase the size of "motor maps" of neurons in the frontal cortex. For instance, violin, viola, and cello players show larger "hand maps" in the motor cortex.

True

New neurons developed in the brain are likely to be involved in learning, memory, and the ability to adapt to changing circumstances.

True

Parents should not force a left-handed child to use his or her right hand. To do so could create speech or reading problems.

True

The Dunedin study conducted between 1972 and 1973 assessed children's ability to self-regulate and found that that children who displayed high level of self-regulation as a child also showed better self-regulation later in life, as measured by quality of health, extent of substance abuse, ability to manage finances (saving habits or credit card problems), and antisocial behaviors.

True

The amygdala is a part of the limbic system associated with fear responses.

True

The autonomic nervous system refers to the neurons that carry information between the central nervous system and internal organs (such as the heart and lungs) and glands.

True

The fact that humans are more intelligent than other animals is linked to corticalization, an increase in the size and wrinkling of the cerebral cortex.

True

The fact that humans are more intelligent than other animals is related to the greater size of the cerebral cortex.

True

The hippocampus is a part of the limbic system associated with storing memories.

True

The nerve impulse (action potential) is an "all or none" event so nerve impulses do not vary much in terms of size or duration.

True

The painkilling effect of a placebos (fake pills or injections) occurs because they raise endorphin levels in the brain.

True

The pineal gland is referred to as the "master gland" because its hormones influence other endocrine glands.

True

The pituitary gland is called the "master gland" because it influences the other endocrine glands.

True

The prefrontal cortex is associated with executive functions that are involved in higher level mental processing that allows regulation and coordination of thought processes.

True

The primary auditory area is located in the temporal lobe.

True

The reticular activation system bombards the cerebral cortex with nerve impulses, keeping us vigilant, alert, active and awake.

True

The right hemisphere is particularly good at perceptual skills such as recognizing patterns, faces, melodies, putting together a puzzle, or drawing a picture.

True

The right hemisphere of the brain processes information all at once (holistically) and simultaneously.

True

The right hemisphere processes information holistically (all at once) and simultaneously.

True

The simplest neural network is a reflex arc.

True

The somatic and autonomic nervous systems are part of the peripheral nervous system.

True

The sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system is thought of as an "emergency system." It prepares the body for "fight or flight" during times of danger, stress or high emotion.

True

The sympathetic nervous system is most active in times of danger or when emotions run high.

True

The term central nervous system is used to refer to the brain and the spinal cord.

True

The term localization of function refers to linking specific structures in the brain to specific psychological or behavioral functions.

True

The term neuroplasticity refers the capacity of the brain to change in response to experience.

True

The term peripheral nervous system refers to all parts of the nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord.

True

The thalamus is the final relay or switching station for sensory information on the way to the cerebral cortex.

True

There are more than a 100 neurotransmitters found in the brain.

True

Too much of the neurotransmitter dopamine in one part of the brain may cause schizophrenia, and too little serotonin is associated with depression.

True

Women are more likely than men to use both sides of their brains when processing language information.

True

The chemical structure of cocaine is similar to that of the neurotransmitter dopamine.

True

The cortex of the adrenal gland is the source of epinephrine and norepinephrine.

True

The dendrites and the soma (cell body) are the receiving areas of neuron where information from other neurons is accepted.

True

The primary visual area is in the occipital lobe.

True

The release of endorphins induces feelings of pleasure or euphoria similar to being high on morphine.

True

The resting potential becomes an action potential when the neuron passes the threshold for firing.

True

The right brain sees the wide view whereas the left hemisphere focuses on small details.

True

Without the cerebral cortex humans wouldn't be much smarter than toads.

True

Neuropeptides do not carry messages directly but instead regulate the activity of other neurons.

True

Overuse of recreational drugs, such as cocaine, overstimulates the neurons of the reward system and disturbs dopamine function, resulting in drug addiction.

True

Receptors sites are areas on the surface of neurons and other cells that are sensitive to neural transmitters or hormones.

True

Reduced frontal lobe functioning (executive functioning) leads to greater impulsivity, including an increased risk for addiction.

True

Roughly 95% of people use the left hemisphere for speech (speaking, writing).

True

Selective attention and cognitive reappraisal are two strategies that can improve self- regulation.

True

Slight variations in neurotransmitter functioning may be related to temperamental differences in infancy and personality differences in adulthood.

True

Someone with extensive damage to Broca's area has great difficulty speaking and writing but often can comprehend language.

True

Someone with spatial neglect is apt to deny the existence of one arm, claiming that the arm belongs to someone else.

True

Split-brains studies are conducted to determine the specialized functions of the right and left hemispheres.

True

Synaptic transmission occurs when an action potential reaches the tips of the axon terminals, releasing a neurotransmitter into the synaptic gap.

True

In general, the left hemisphere is involved in analysis (breaking information into parts) and thus processes information sequentially.

True

If the right hemisphere of the brain is damaged people are not able to understand jokes, sarcasm, or irony.

True

Dopamine is an inhibitory synaptic transmitter that is involved in pain regulation, motor activity, and fear.

False

During a nerve impulse (action potential) potassium (K+) ions rush across the neuron's cell membrane to the inside of the axon and sodium (Na+) rush to the outside of the neuron.

False

Fifty percent of right-handed individuals process speech in the right hemisphere, and are right brain dominant.

False

Human intelligence is directly proportional to the overall brain size of the individual.

False

In general, left handed people show more lateralization in the brain and throughout the body.

False

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans produce less detailed images than are possible with a computed tomographic scan (CT scan).

False

People only use about 10% of their brain capacity.

False

White matter in the brain is cell bodies, whereas gray matter is primarily myelinated axons.

False


Ensembles d'études connexes

Elsevier adaptive quizzing- Professionalism

View Set

Physics 1310 Exam 2 - gregory spencer

View Set

Chapter 8: lesson 3 laws and rules

View Set

FIN: Ch 10 Making Capital Investment Decisions

View Set