Chapter 20 Homework

Which organ system regulates the water balance of the blood?

urinary system

Myelin sheaths cover sections of some neurons. These neurons transmit information at a higher rate than neurons without a myelin sheath. Which part of the neuron is most likely covered by a myelin sheath?

axon

Which of these is NOT one of the four major categories of tissue?

blood

Which of the following are examples of an organism attempting to maintain homeostasis? Select all that apply.

- After going outside in the cold without a jacket, you begin to shiver. - The levels of the hormones insulin and glucagon change to maintain blood glucose levels in a penguin. - After eating a squid, a seal's kidneys work to excrete the excess salt from its blood.

Which of the following people is most likely to be accepted as a body recipient if this radical transplant occurs?

A quadriplegic who is otherwise healthy

_____ muscle is attached to bones.

Skeletal

Connective Tissue D

adipose tissue; fat storage, pads and inculates the body

A(n) _____ is a group of tissues working together.

organ

In the _____, wastes are removed from the blood across the epithelial linings of excretory tubes.

urinary system

_____ is the connective tissue specialized for transport.

Blood

If blood sugar is under homeostatic control using negative feedback, what will happen if blood sugar levels drop between meals?

Blood sugar will begin to rise until it reaches an appropriate value.

How does connective tissue differ from the other three major tissue types?

Connective tissue often consists of relatively few cells embedded in an extracellular matrix.

Why does an enzyme cease to function when it has become denatured?

Denaturation changed the three-dimensional shape of the active site of the enzyme, preventing it from binding to the substrate.

The reporter is participating in a study within a room that is heated. Why is he also on a treadmill?

Exercising causes a faster increase in his core temperature

Cartilage is found _____.

at the ends of bones such as the femur

The heart has four valves that control the flow of blood. Two of the valves (the AV valves) normally prevent blood from flowing upwards. The other two valves (semilunar valves) normally prevent blood from flowing downwards. The AV valves and semilunar valves have different shapes. Which principle of anatomy and physiology does this example represent?

Structure is linked to function.

Which of these describes loose connective tissue?

It is a loose weave of fibers that functions as a packing material.

Which of the following is true regarding head transplants in humans?

Most medical experts think that such transplants should not be done.

Which of these is an example of negative feedback?

The end product of a reaction sequence shuts down the reaction sequence.

_____ is the study of how an organism's structure functions.

Physiology

Just as heat can denature enzymes, so can a change in the pH. Enzymes that normally work in an acidic environment in the body can become denatured if the pH becomes too alkaline. And enzymes that normally work in alkaline environments in the body can become denatured if the pH becomes too acidic. Taking an antacid to reduce the acidity (and increase the pH) of the stomach and to relieve heartburn can make a person more comfortable. What would be the major drawback to taking too many antacids?

Taking too many antacids could denature the enzyme that break down food in the stomach.

Compact, complex animals have internal exchange surfaces that are extensively branched or folded, providing a large

surface area

Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by _____, which are made of _____.

tendons ... fibrous connective tissue

A group of cells working together is called a(n)

tissue

Connective tissue

tissue type: bone function of tissue: binds and supports other tissues structure of tissue: sparse population of cells in an extracellular matrix

Epithelial tissue

tissue type: epidermis of skin function of tissue: lines organs and body cavities; functions in protection, absorption, and exchange structure of tissue: sheet of tightly packed cells; one or more layers thick

Muscle tissue

tissue type: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth function of tissue: moves body parts structure of tissue: cells called fibers containing contractile proteins

Nervous tissue

tissue type: spinal chord and brain function of tissue: senses stimuli and transmits signals throughout body structure of tissue: neurons with branching extensions

In terms of hierarchy of organization, organs fall between _____ and _____.

tissues; organ systems

Nervous tissue functions _____.

to sense stimuli

In the _____, oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged across the epithelial linings of sacs at the tips of tiny air tubes.

respiratory system

What aspect of a bird's wings would be studied by a physiologist?

role of feather barbs in flight

The _____ transports materials between the exchange surfaces of other organ systems and body cells.

circulatory system

Which of the following tissues is responsible for food absorption in the small intestines?

columnar epithelium

Which of the following appears to be the largest hurdle to overcome for this type of transplant to be a success?

connecting the nerves

Connective Tissue F

loose connective tissue; loose weave of fibers, holds organs in place

Organ systems are often interconnected, and these interconnections allow us to function normally. What two organ systems work directly together when someone runs and jumps?

muscular and skeletal

The gluelike substance is required to bathe which of the following in this transplant?

nerve endings

What type of epithelial tissue, found in the intestines, absorbs nutrients?

simple columnar epithelium

Which of the following is an example of a tissue?

simple columnar epithelium lining the intestine

Epithelium C

simple columnar; secretes enzymes and absorbs nutrients

What type of epithelial tissue lines kidney tubules?

simple cuboidal cells

Epithelium D

simple cuboidal; lines kidneys

Which of these tissues, found in the lungs, permits gas exchange by diffusion?

simple squamous epithelium

Epithelium A

simple squamous; permits gas exchange in the lungs

What type of epithelium would you expect to find covering a surface subject to physical forces?

stratified epithelium

The type of epithelium that lines the inside of your cheeks (within your mouth) is __________.

stratified squamous

In addition to the integrity of the integumentary system, what other component of the skin protects against bacterial infection?

oil gland

Epithelium B

stratified squamous; lines the esophagus

Multiple organs that work together are called a(n)

organ system

A(n) _____ is made up of many organ systems functioning together.

organism

_____ is the regulated balance of internal environment of an organism.

Homeostasis

If trends continue, which of the following will be true in the United States?

Average life span will increase for men and women.

Having a low-grade fever of 100° to 102°F is a common side effect of a bacterial infection. Which of the following statements provides the most reasonable explanation for why this could be beneficial?

An increase in body temperature could denature enzymes in heat-sensitive bacteria without denaturing the enzymes of the person with the infection.

_____ is the study of an organism's structure.

Anatomy

Which statement is true about enzymes in the human body?

Enzymes in the human body usually work best at normal body temperature.

Which of the following has had the most success in China?

Genetically altering human embryos

If prostate cancer rates follow the trends of dementia, which of the following will be true?

There will be more total cases of prostate cancer, but less of a chance of getting the disease.

Why does the reporter have a tube up his nose?

To accurately measure core temperature

When it comes to death rates, which of the following is experiencing similar trends to the United States?

Western Europe

Which of the following is generally true within the human body?

When a person is warm, blood flow near the skin and in the extremities increases.

Connective Tissue A

blood; liquid matrix, functions in transport

Connective Tissue B

bone; combinations of minerals and fibers, strong support

Cardiac muscle is the only muscle composed of _____ fibers.

branched

Connective Tissue C

cartilage; surrounds the ends of bones, strong but flexible support

Antibiotics appear to have played a significant role in the decline of deaths from which of the following?

stomach cancer

Connective tissue __________.

consists of cells scattered in an extracellular matrix

A neuron consists of _____.

dendrites, a cell body, and axons

In the _____, nutrients are absorbed across the fingerlike projections of the lining of the intestine.

digestive system

You are the CEO of a drug company that is looking into new drug options for the nation's leading killer. Which of the following are you trying to develop?

drug for heart disease

Connective Tissue E

fibrous connective tissue; tightly packed fibers, forms ligaments and tendons

Body cells are bathed in _____ and exchange between body cells, and the blood takes place in this fluid.

interstitial fluid

The goal of homeostasis is the _____.

maintenance of internal conditions within a limited range

What type of muscle is responsible for contractions of the digestive tract and arteries?

smooth muscle