Chapter 20 Homework
Which organ system regulates the water balance of the blood?
urinary system
Myelin sheaths cover sections of some neurons. These neurons transmit information at a higher rate than neurons without a myelin sheath. Which part of the neuron is most likely covered by a myelin sheath?
axon
Which of these is NOT one of the four major categories of tissue?
blood
Which of the following are examples of an organism attempting to maintain homeostasis? Select all that apply.
- After going outside in the cold without a jacket, you begin to shiver. - The levels of the hormones insulin and glucagon change to maintain blood glucose levels in a penguin. - After eating a squid, a seal's kidneys work to excrete the excess salt from its blood.
Which of the following people is most likely to be accepted as a body recipient if this radical transplant occurs?
A quadriplegic who is otherwise healthy
_____ muscle is attached to bones.
Skeletal
Connective Tissue D
adipose tissue; fat storage, pads and inculates the body
A(n) _____ is a group of tissues working together.
organ
In the _____, wastes are removed from the blood across the epithelial linings of excretory tubes.
urinary system
_____ is the connective tissue specialized for transport.
Blood
If blood sugar is under homeostatic control using negative feedback, what will happen if blood sugar levels drop between meals?
Blood sugar will begin to rise until it reaches an appropriate value.
How does connective tissue differ from the other three major tissue types?
Connective tissue often consists of relatively few cells embedded in an extracellular matrix.
Why does an enzyme cease to function when it has become denatured?
Denaturation changed the three-dimensional shape of the active site of the enzyme, preventing it from binding to the substrate.
The reporter is participating in a study within a room that is heated. Why is he also on a treadmill?
Exercising causes a faster increase in his core temperature
Cartilage is found _____.
at the ends of bones such as the femur
The heart has four valves that control the flow of blood. Two of the valves (the AV valves) normally prevent blood from flowing upwards. The other two valves (semilunar valves) normally prevent blood from flowing downwards. The AV valves and semilunar valves have different shapes. Which principle of anatomy and physiology does this example represent?
Structure is linked to function.
Which of these describes loose connective tissue?
It is a loose weave of fibers that functions as a packing material.
Which of the following is true regarding head transplants in humans?
Most medical experts think that such transplants should not be done.
Which of these is an example of negative feedback?
The end product of a reaction sequence shuts down the reaction sequence.
_____ is the study of how an organism's structure functions.
Physiology
Just as heat can denature enzymes, so can a change in the pH. Enzymes that normally work in an acidic environment in the body can become denatured if the pH becomes too alkaline. And enzymes that normally work in alkaline environments in the body can become denatured if the pH becomes too acidic. Taking an antacid to reduce the acidity (and increase the pH) of the stomach and to relieve heartburn can make a person more comfortable. What would be the major drawback to taking too many antacids?
Taking too many antacids could denature the enzyme that break down food in the stomach.
Compact, complex animals have internal exchange surfaces that are extensively branched or folded, providing a large
surface area
Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by _____, which are made of _____.
tendons ... fibrous connective tissue
A group of cells working together is called a(n)
tissue
Connective tissue
tissue type: bone function of tissue: binds and supports other tissues structure of tissue: sparse population of cells in an extracellular matrix
Epithelial tissue
tissue type: epidermis of skin function of tissue: lines organs and body cavities; functions in protection, absorption, and exchange structure of tissue: sheet of tightly packed cells; one or more layers thick
Muscle tissue
tissue type: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth function of tissue: moves body parts structure of tissue: cells called fibers containing contractile proteins
Nervous tissue
tissue type: spinal chord and brain function of tissue: senses stimuli and transmits signals throughout body structure of tissue: neurons with branching extensions
In terms of hierarchy of organization, organs fall between _____ and _____.
tissues; organ systems
Nervous tissue functions _____.
to sense stimuli
In the _____, oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged across the epithelial linings of sacs at the tips of tiny air tubes.
respiratory system
What aspect of a bird's wings would be studied by a physiologist?
role of feather barbs in flight
The _____ transports materials between the exchange surfaces of other organ systems and body cells.
circulatory system
Which of the following tissues is responsible for food absorption in the small intestines?
columnar epithelium
Which of the following appears to be the largest hurdle to overcome for this type of transplant to be a success?
connecting the nerves
Connective Tissue F
loose connective tissue; loose weave of fibers, holds organs in place
Organ systems are often interconnected, and these interconnections allow us to function normally. What two organ systems work directly together when someone runs and jumps?
muscular and skeletal
The gluelike substance is required to bathe which of the following in this transplant?
nerve endings
What type of epithelial tissue, found in the intestines, absorbs nutrients?
simple columnar epithelium
Which of the following is an example of a tissue?
simple columnar epithelium lining the intestine
Epithelium C
simple columnar; secretes enzymes and absorbs nutrients
What type of epithelial tissue lines kidney tubules?
simple cuboidal cells
Epithelium D
simple cuboidal; lines kidneys
Which of these tissues, found in the lungs, permits gas exchange by diffusion?
simple squamous epithelium
Epithelium A
simple squamous; permits gas exchange in the lungs
What type of epithelium would you expect to find covering a surface subject to physical forces?
stratified epithelium
The type of epithelium that lines the inside of your cheeks (within your mouth) is __________.
stratified squamous
In addition to the integrity of the integumentary system, what other component of the skin protects against bacterial infection?
oil gland
Epithelium B
stratified squamous; lines the esophagus
Multiple organs that work together are called a(n)
organ system
A(n) _____ is made up of many organ systems functioning together.
organism
_____ is the regulated balance of internal environment of an organism.
Homeostasis
If trends continue, which of the following will be true in the United States?
Average life span will increase for men and women.
Having a low-grade fever of 100° to 102°F is a common side effect of a bacterial infection. Which of the following statements provides the most reasonable explanation for why this could be beneficial?
An increase in body temperature could denature enzymes in heat-sensitive bacteria without denaturing the enzymes of the person with the infection.
_____ is the study of an organism's structure.
Anatomy
Which statement is true about enzymes in the human body?
Enzymes in the human body usually work best at normal body temperature.
Which of the following has had the most success in China?
Genetically altering human embryos
If prostate cancer rates follow the trends of dementia, which of the following will be true?
There will be more total cases of prostate cancer, but less of a chance of getting the disease.
Why does the reporter have a tube up his nose?
To accurately measure core temperature
When it comes to death rates, which of the following is experiencing similar trends to the United States?
Western Europe
Which of the following is generally true within the human body?
When a person is warm, blood flow near the skin and in the extremities increases.
Connective Tissue A
blood; liquid matrix, functions in transport
Connective Tissue B
bone; combinations of minerals and fibers, strong support
Cardiac muscle is the only muscle composed of _____ fibers.
branched
Connective Tissue C
cartilage; surrounds the ends of bones, strong but flexible support
Antibiotics appear to have played a significant role in the decline of deaths from which of the following?
stomach cancer
Connective tissue __________.
consists of cells scattered in an extracellular matrix
A neuron consists of _____.
dendrites, a cell body, and axons
In the _____, nutrients are absorbed across the fingerlike projections of the lining of the intestine.
digestive system
You are the CEO of a drug company that is looking into new drug options for the nation's leading killer. Which of the following are you trying to develop?
drug for heart disease
Connective Tissue E
fibrous connective tissue; tightly packed fibers, forms ligaments and tendons
Body cells are bathed in _____ and exchange between body cells, and the blood takes place in this fluid.
interstitial fluid
The goal of homeostasis is the _____.
maintenance of internal conditions within a limited range
What type of muscle is responsible for contractions of the digestive tract and arteries?
smooth muscle