chapter 20 post test review

A renal corpuscle includes the a. glomerulus and glomerular capsule b. glomerulus and renal tubule c. glomerular capsule and renal tubule d. renal tubule and collecting tubule

a. glomerulus and glomerular capsule

what is the main factor that promotes bladder infections in the female ? a. length of urethra b. presence of bacteria in rectum c. hygiene d. dietary factors

a. length of urethra

an increase is osmotic concentration of the tubular fluid reduces the amount of water reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. this results in a. osmotic diuresis b. diffusion anuresis c. glomerular pressurization d. damage to the nephron

a. osmotic diuresis

the micturition reflex center is located in the a. sacral segments of the spinal cord b. medulla oblongata c. mons d. hypothalamus

a. sacral segments of the spinal cord

The juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates the filtration rate by--- and by --- a. vasodilation of the afferent arteriole ; increasing osmotic pressure in the glomerular capsule b. vasoconstriction of the peritubular capillary, dilation of the collecting duct c. vasodilation of the afferent arteriole; renin-angiotensin 11 causing vasoconstriction of the renal artery

c. vasodilation of the afferent arteriole; renin-angiotensin 11 causing vasoconstriction of the renal artery

During a kidney transplant procedure, the renal artery and vein of the donor kidney are connected to the recipient's a. renal artery and vein b. iliac artery and vein c. aorta and inferior vena cava d. aorta and portal vein

b. iliac artery and vein

which of the following would increase the rate of glomerular filtration a. decreased blood pressure b. increased blood pressure c. a constricted afferent arteriole d. a dilated efferent arteriole

b. increased blood pressure

the countercurrent multiplier mechanism occurs at the ___ a. proximal convoluted tubule b. loop of Henle c. distal convoluted tubule d. collecting ducts

b. loop of Henle

what is the main factor that causes urine to enter the urinary bladder? a. pressure b. peristalsis c. gravity d. osmosis

b. peristalsis

which of the following correctly describes the countercurrent mechanism of the nephron loop? a. water moves out of the ascending limb , sodium moves in the ascending limb b. water moves in the ascending limb; sodium moves out of the ascending limb c. water moves out of the descending limb; sodium moves out of the ascending limb. d. water moves in the ascending limb; sodium moves out of the descending limb

c. water moves out of the descending limb; sodium moves out of the ascending limb.

glomerular filtration produces---- liters of fluid a.40 b. 96 c. 144 d. 180

d. 180

up to--- of urea is filtered and recycled a. 33% b. 55% c. 75% d. 80%

d. 80%

The final branches of the interlobular arteries give rise to the --- that carry blood to the nephrons a. interlobar arteries b. arciform arteries c. efferent arteriole d. afferent arteriole

d. afferent arteriole

the mechanism of action that makes alcohol a diuretic is its a. activating distal tubular sodium secretion b. inhibiting aldosterone secretion c. inhibiting secretion of ADH d. activating chloride ion reabsorption

c. inhibiting secretion of ADH

Which area actually secretes renin into the blood? a. macula densa b. juxtaglomerular apparatus c. juxtaglomerular cells d. cortical nephron

c. juxtaglomerular cells

tubular reabsorption occurs from the nephron tubule into the ___ a. renal pyramid b. renal corpuscle c. peritubular capillaries d. loop of Henle

c. peritubular capillaries

The reabsorption of glucose occurs primarily through the walls of the a. glomerular capsule b. nephron loop c. proximal convoluted tubule d. distal convoluted tubule

c. proximal convoluted tubule

tubular reabsorption is responsible for retaining nutrients the body requires. Most tubular reabsorption occurs in the a. collecting duct b. nephron loop c. proximal convoluted tubule d. distal convoluted tubule

c. proximal convoluted tubule

which of the following indicates the parts of a renal tubule in the correct sequence from the beginning to end? a. Proximal convoluted tubule , ascending limb , descending limb, distal convoluted tubule b. distal convoluted tubule, ascending limb , descending limb, proximal convoluted tubule c. proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb , ascending limb , distal convoluted tubule

c. proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb , ascending limb , distal convoluted tubule

plasma clearance is a test to determine the rate at which the kidneys can a. excrete water b. reabsorb ions c. remove a particular substance from the blood d. restore the correct Ph of the blood

c. remove a particular substance from the blood

Once in the glomerulus, the filtrate moves into the a. renal pelvis. b. renal calyx c. renal tubule. d. ureter

c. renal tubule

The action of aldosterone is to increase _____. a. sodium elimination b. potassium reabsorption c. sodium reabsorption d. chloride excretion

c. sodium reabsorption

The granular appearance of the renal corpuscle is due to--- a. the positioning of blood vessels within this area b. polycystic kidney disease c. the random distribution of nephrons in this area d. the positioning of the renal columns

c. the random distribution of nephrons in this area

The mucosa of the bladder is comprised of _____. a. smooth muscle b. squamous epithelium c. transitional epithelium d. simple columnar epithelium

c. transitional epithelium

Eating large amounts of meat will increase the levels of _____ in the blood. a. protein b. creatinine c. urea d. uric acid

c. urea

which blood vessel conveys blood out of glomerulus? A. peritubular capillary b. efferent arteriole c. vasa recta d. interlobular vein

B. efferent arteriole

The kidneys have the capability of controlling their own blood flow independent of general controls for circulation of organs such as the pancreas. a. TRUE b. FALSE

a TRUE

the kidney secretes____for the purpose of stimulating bone marrow activity. a.erythropoitetin b. renin c. somatomedin d. aldosterone

a eythropoitetin

what is the purpose of the countercurrent mechanism in the nephron? a. it creates highly concentrated interstitial fluid so that urine can be concentrated by the collecting ducts when they are permeable to water b. it is a method to move sodium around so that its concentration can be controlled c. it keeps the amount of water lost in the urine relatively constant so that a person dosen't retain much water d. it keeps interstitial fluid hydrated to maintain blood pressure

a. . it creates highly concentrated interstitial fluid so that urine can be concentrated by the collecting ducts when they are permeable to water

the mechanism of action that makes caffeine a diuretic is its a. activating distal tubular sodium secretion b. inhibiting aldosterone secretion c. inhibiting secretion of ADH d. activating chloride ion reabsorption

a. activating distal tubular sodium secretion

Addison's diseases characterized by a. aldosterone deficiency and loss of extracellular sodium b. aldosterone deficiency and gain of extracellular sodium c. aldosterone excess and loss of extracellular sodium d. aldosterone excess and gain of extracellular sodium

a. aldosterone deficiency and loss of extracellular sodium

a increase in glomerular osmotic pressure will result in --- the rate of glomerular filtration a. an increase in b. a decrease in c. no change in d. a variable effect on

a. an increase in

the renal corpuscle is compromised of a glomerulus and ___ a. bowman's capsule b. loop of Henle c. proximal convoluted tubule d. distal convoluted tubule

a. bowman's capsule

which of the following correctly lists under the order the structures through which urine flows after its formation in the nephron? a. calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra b. renal pelvis, calyx, ureter, urinary bladder , urethra c. renal pelvis ,calyx, urethra, ureter, urinary bladder c. renal pelvis, calyx , urinary bladder, ureter, urethra

a. calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

The hormone ADH functions to promote water , reabsorption through the walls of the a. distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct b. proximal convoluted tubule and collecting duct c. ascending limb of the nephron loop d. descending limb of the nephron loop

a. distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

The first capillary bed associated with the nephron functions to a. filter b. reabsorb nutrients c. adjust pH d. form urine

a. filter

a renal corpuscle is a ----, whereas a renal tubule is a--- a. tangled cluster of blood capillaries; highly coiled tubule that leads away from the glomerular capsule b. special blood cell found in the kidneys ; tubule that leads away from the kidneys to the bladder c. storage area for urine ;tubule that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body d. glandular structure that regulates blood pressure; blood vessel that regulates the flow of blood into the glomerular structure

a. tangled cluster of blood capillaries; highly coiled tubule that leads away from the glomerular capsule

ADH functions to increase absorption of water from urine into blood by increasing the permeability of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts. a. TRUE b. False

a. true

Urine is forced along the length of the ureter by peristaltic waves. a. true b. false

a. true

glomerular filtrate has a composition similar to tissue fluid a. true b. false

a. true

the glomerular capsule is composed of two layers of squamous epithelial cells a. true b. false

a. true

Gout is a condition in which the plasma has an abnormally high concentration in which the plasma has an abnormally high concentrations of a. uric acid b. urea c. calcium ions d. amino acids

a. uric acid

if the osmotic pressure of the blood plasma is decreased , the glomerular filtration rate is increased a. true b. false

a.true

glomerular fitness produces ---- the total body water every 24 hours a. 2 times b. 4 times c. 8 times d. 16 times

b. 4times

An increase in sodium reabsorption increases water reabsorption by actively transporting sodium ions into the blood. a. TRUE b. FALSE

b. False

The reason that most persons only have trace amounts of albumin in the urine is that of it is returned in the blood by reabsorption. a. TRUE b. FALSE

b. False

Which ion is reabsorbed in exchange for sodium? a. chloride b. Potassium c. calcium d. magnesium

b. Potassium

A decrease in the glomerular hydrostatic pressure of a glomerular capsule will _____ the rate of glomerular filtration. a. increase in b. a decrease in c. no change in d. a variable effect on

b. a decrease in

The targets of angiotensin 11 are blood vessels and___ a. nerves b. adrenal cortex c. adrenal medulla d. kidney nephrons

b. adrenal cortex

The ureter extends downward a. behind the parietal peritoneum and joins the urinary bladder from below b. behind the parietal peritoneum and joins the urinary bladder from below c. in front of the parietal peritoneum and joins the urinary bladder from above. d. in front of the parietal peritoneum and joins the urinary bladder from below

b. behind the parietal peritoneum and joins the urinary bladder from below

which of the following is not a diuretic? a. caffeine b. chocolate c. alcohol a. tea

b. chocolate

renal calculi are usually compromised of the following except which one? a. calcium oxalate b. cholesterol c. uric acid d. magnesium phosphate

b. cholesterol

as a consequence of widespread edema , blood volume a. increases and blood pressure drops b. decreases and blood pressure drops c. increases and blood pressure rises d. decreases and blood pressure rises

b. decreases and blood pressure drops

Large amounts of hydrogen ions are secreted between plasma and urine by the nephron loop. a. true b. false

b. false

The urethra transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder a. TRUE B. FALSE

b. false

active transport mechanisms have limited transport capacities because the renal tubule is not very permeable to the absorption of molecules a. True b. False

b. false

sympathetic nerve impulses usually cause proportional degrees of vasodilation in the afferent and efferent arterioles a. TRUE b. FALSE

b. false

the efferent arteriole supplies blood to the capillary of the glomerulus a. TRUE b. FALSE

b. false

the urinary bladder is located above the parietal peritoneum a. true b. false

b. false

when the concentration of water in body fluids increases, the secretion of ADH A. TRUE b. FALSE

b. false

The concentrations of substances in the plasma. In the glomerular filtrate, and in urine differ in what way? a. Plasma contains the most water , glomerular filtrate contains less water, and urine contains the least. b. plasma and glomerular filtrate are virtually identical, but urine contains proportionately more waste products. c. plasma differs from glomerular filtrate and urine , which have virtually identical concentrations substances d. all there have the same concentrations of nutrients and waste materials, but differ in the amount of proteinaceous material they contain

b. plasma and glomerular filtrate are virtually identical, but urine contains proportionately more waste products.

Whenever sodium ions are reabsorbed through the wall of the renal tubule by active transport, chloride ions are a. reabsorbed by active transport b. reabsorbed by passive transport c. secreted by active transport d. secreted by passive transport

b. reabsorbed by passive transport

juxtaglomerular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete---when ----. a. atrial natriuretic peptide; blood volume drops b. renin; blood pressure drops c. angiotensin -converting enzyme ; blood pressure increase d. potassium; chloride concentration declines

b. renin ; blood pressure drops

The micturition reflex is centered in the ____ a. medulla b. sacral cord c. hypothalamus d. lumbar cord

b. sacral cord

if the arteriole that supplies blood to the glomerulus becomes constricted a. blood flow into the efferent arteriole increases. b. the glomerular filtration rate decreases c. hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus increases d. the protein concentration of the filtrate process

b. the glomerular filtration rate decreases

choose the statement that does NOT correctly characterizes the kidneys. a. the kidneys are positioned retroperitoneally. b. the right kidney is usually 1.5 to 2 centimeters higher than the left one . c. the kidney is padded by a layer of fat d. inside the kidney there is a hollow chamber called the renal sinus

b. the right kidney is usually 1.5 to 2 centimeters higher than the left one .

The composition of glomerular filtrate compare to that of plasma by containing. a. many different substances that are absent from plasma b. the same substances as plasma except for larger protein molecules c. less water and electrolytes than does the plasma d. much more uric acid and creatinine than plasma

b. the same substances as plasma except for larger protein molecules

which of the following is correct concerning the location of the kidneys? a. the right kidney is usually higher than the left one b. they are located behind the peritoneum c. their upper borders are about the level of the third lumbar vertebra d. they are located against the anterior wall of the abdominal cavity

b. they are located behind the peritoneum

which process is most affected by blood pressure? a. loop of Henle b. tubular secretion c. glomerular filtration d. tubular reabsorption

c. glomerular filtration

where does ADH have its greatest effect a. loop of Henle b. proximal convoluted tubule c. distal convoluted tubule d. glomerulus

c distal convoluted tubule

How much sodium is actively reabsorbed by the proximal segment of the nephron? a. 10% b. 1% c. 70% d. 99%

c. 70%

the largest quantitiy of hydrogen ions is secreted a. passively into the proximal convoluted tubule b. passively from the distal convoluted tubule c. actively into the proximal convoluted tubule d. actively from the distal convoluted tubule

c. actively into the proximal convoluted tubule

a by-product of amino acid catabolism in the liver is a. uric acid. b. urea. c. ammonia d. water

c. ammonia

Renin acts on _____ to convert it to angiotensin I. a. ACE b. aldosterone c. angiotensinogen d. angiotensin 11

c. angiotensinogen

water channels in cell membranes formed by --- are a result of ADH signaling in the kidneys a. perforins b. cytopores c. aquaporins d. pyrogens

c. aquaporins

conscious control of micturition inhibiting the micturition reflex by using nerve centers in the a. medulla oblongata b. spinal cord c. brain stem and cerebral cortex d. pons and hypothalamus

c. brain stem and cerebral cortex

the outermost structure of the kidney is the--- a. cortex b. medulla c. capsule d. pelvis

c. capsule

the micturition reflex can be voluntarily controlled by the a. persons controlling contraction and relaxation of the pyloric sphincter valve b. sympathetic impulses stimulating the internal urethral sphincter valve c. cerebral cortex stimulating or inhibiting the external urethral sphincter valve d. voluntary contractions or inhibition of the prostate gland

c. cerebral cortex stimulating or inhibiting the external urethral sphincter valve

kidney stones are least likely to be composed of a. uric acid b. calcium oxalate c. cholesterol d. magnesium phosphate

c. cholesterol

aldosterone from the adrenal cortex causes sodium ions to be a. excreted and water to be conserved b. excreted and water to be excreted c. conserved and water to be conserved d. conserved and water to be excreted

c. conserved and water to be conserved

What affect does ADH have on urine output? a. minimal b. increases c. decreases. d. maintains

c. decreases

An increase in urine volume is termed a. anuresis b. dialysis c. diuresis d. urinary edema

c. diuresis

Filtration rate in the glomerulus is increased by a. vasolidation of the afferent arteriole only b. vasolidation of the efferent arteriole only c. vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole only d. both vasodilation of the afferent arteriole and vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole

d. both vasodilation of the afferent arteriole and vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole

which factor does NOT affect glomerular filtrate? a. blood pressure b. osmotic pressure of the glomerular filtrate c. plasma osmotic pressure d. concentration of leukocytes in the blood

d. concentration of leukocytes in the blood

as a result of excessively low arterial blood pressure , glomerular hydrostatic pressure a. rises and filtration increases b. rises and filtration decreases c. drops and filtration increases d. drops and filtration decreases

d. drops and filtration decreases

which of these is under voluntary control ? a. urethra b. detrusor muscle c. internal urethral sphincter d. external urethral sphincter

d. external urethral sphincter

which of the following is not considered a function of the kidneys a. regulation of body fluid concentration b. regulation of body fluid volume c. removal of waste products from the body d. formation of plasma proteins

d. formation of plasma proteins

which of the following is not part of the male urethra? a. prostatic urethra b. membranous urethra c. penile urethra d. glandular urethra

d. glandular urethra

Whenever the plasma glucose concentration exceeds the renal plasma threshold a. the glomerular filtration rate increases b. volume of urine decreases c. glucose will secreted into the peritubular artery d. glucose will appear in the urine

d. glucose will appear in the urine

The epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule are adapted for reabsorption by a. having thin walls b. having rugae folds that increase surface area c. secreting enzymes that activate absorption of substances d. having microscopic projections called microvilli

d. having microscopic projections called microvilli

The fluid in the descending limb of the loop of Henle is _____ relative to the capillaries. a. isotonic b. weakly hypotonic c. strongly hypotonic d. hypertonic

d. hypertonic

the function of the countercurrent multiplier is to ___ a. decrease the concentration of NaCl and increase hypotonicity of the medulla b. conserve potassium c. change the blood levels of potassium d. increase the concentration of NaCl and increase hypertonicity of the medulla

d. increase the concentration of NaCl and increase hypertonicity of the medulla

the countercurrent mechanism functions primarily in the a. renal corpuscle b. proximal convoluted tubule c. distal convoluted tubule d. nephron loop

d. nephron loop

In which of the following portions of the nephron is water actively transported? a. proximal convoluted tubule b. descending limb of the nephron loop c. collecting duct d. none of these is correct

d. none of these is correct

which of the following is an abnormal constituent of urine ? a. urea b. uric acid c. creatinine d. none of these is correct

d. none of these is correct

which part of the kidney tubule has the most microvilli? a. loop of Henle b. distal convoluted tubule c. loop of Henle d. proximal convoluted tubule

d. proximal convoluted tubule

The renal medulla is composed of _____, whereas the renal cortex is composed of _____. a. renal pyramids ; ureters from nephrons b. renal columns; renal pyramids and nephrons c. collecting tubules; peritubular capillaries from nephrons d. renal pyramids; granular tissue composed of nephron tubules

d. renal pyramids; granular tissue composed of nephron tubules

Infants are more likely to become dehydrated than adults because a. adults drink more liquid b. infants grow rapidly c. infant kidneys are less able to conserve water d. the infant kidneys are less able to conserve water d. the infant thirst mechanism is underdeveloped

d. the infant kidneys are less able to conserve water

If glucose is not reabsorbed in the tubular fluid what happens? a. hydrostatic pressure builds up in the tubular fluid b. the glomerular filtration rate will increase c. the rate of urine production will increase d. the osmotic concentration increases

d. the osmotic concentration increases

Which force favors filtration? a. glomerular hydrostatic pressure b. capsular hydrostatic pressure c. glomerular osmotic pressure d. capsular osmotic pressure

glomerular hydrostatic pressure