Chapter 21

Select all that apply Select products that are generated in transgenic plants.

-Antibodies -Medicines -Biodegradable plastics -Vaccines

How can microorganisms be used in biological control of plant disease and insect pests?

-By producing a toxin that inhibits pathogenic microorganisms or insects -By competing with pathogenic strains for nutrients or space

Select problems exhibited by cloned mice.

-Cloned mice die at a younger age than their naturally bred counterparts. -Many genes are not expressed normally in cloned mice.

Select sources of insulin used to treat insulin-dependent diabetes prior to the advent of genetically engineered human insulin.

-Cow pancreas -Human cadavers -Pig pancreas

In which areas has the use of recombinant microorganisms raised concerns?

-Environmental concerns when they are released into the surroundings -Safety concerns when they are used to produce food products

In biotechnology, what is used to benefit humans?

-Living organisms -Materials produced by living organisms

Stem cells could be implanted into the _______ to treat conditions such as Parkinson's disease.

Brain

Bioremediation is the use of living organisms or their products _____.

to decrease pollutants in the environment

Stem cells that can give rise to all the cell types in the adult organism are said to be

totipotent

The type of stem cell that can give rise to all cell types in the adult organism is called ______.

totipotent

The benefits of inserting gene knockins into noncritical genome sites are that ______.

-a more consistent level of expression of the gene of interest compared to insertion at a random location -insertion will not interfere with a critical mouse locus

The commercialization of some strains of recombinant microorganisms has proceeded slowly due to concerns in situations where they are used to produce ________ products or where they are released into the ________.

-food -environment

The use of living organisms or their products to alleviate plant diseases is called

Biological control

What is the name of the process that occurs when bioremediation takes place via microorganisms modifying toxic pollutants by altering or transforming their structure?

Biotransformation

Prior to the cloning of _________, it was believed that the chromosomes of somatic cells of mammals had incurred irreversible genetic changes that rendered them unsuitable for cloning.

Dolly

A significant breakthrough in research in the use of stem cells for therapy was achieved in 1998 when two separate teams showed that

ES and EG cells can be propagated in the lab.

What is introduced into animals or plants to create a genetically modified organism?

Genetic material

The __________ is a brand of transgenic zebrafish that glows with bright green, red, or yellow fluorescent color.

GloFish

Many countries have a ban on _________ cloning, while others permit limited research in this area.

Human

Transgenic plants that express proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis are resistant to ______.

Insects

Select all that apply Select traits that are modified in transgenic plants.

Resistance to disease Resistance to insects Resistance to herbicides

The cells that construct our bodies from a fertilized egg are called _______ cells.

Stem

A cloned gene becoming integrated into the genome by nonhomologous recombination is called gene __________.

addition

The jellyfish gene for GFP was inserted into the zebrafish genome by gene ______.

addition

To create a gene knockin mouse, a gene of interest is cloned and placed adjacent to sequences from the mouse genome. The purpose of this mouse DNA is to ______.

allow homologous recombination to place the gene in a noncritical region of the genome

Transgenic plants can express _______ RNA that silences a gene involved in fruit softening, thereby improving fruit storage.

antisense

The process of a toxic pollutant being degraded by enzymes produced by microorganisms into a less complex, non-toxic metabolite is called ____________.

biodegradation

The term that means the use of living organisms or their products to decrease pollutants in the environment is

bioremediation

Understanding relevant microbial genes that encode proteins that can modify hazardous chemical wastes enhances the process of ______.

bioremediation

The use of living organisms or the materials they produce in the development of goods or processes that are beneficial to humans is called

biotechnology

A bioremediation process called _________ occurs when enzymes produced by microorganisms modify a toxic pollutant by altering or transforming its structure.

biotransformation

Using stem cells to repair joints damaged by injury or arthritis would be useful in what tissue type?

cartilage

Biotechnology methods that produce two or more genetically identical individuals are referred to as reproductive

cloning

The figure depicts the process of ______.

cloning a sheep by fusing a mammary cell of one sheep with an enucleated egg from another sheep

Gene knockins are used to study the effects of ______.

consistent gene expression

The early mammalian embryo contains __________ __________ cells, which are pluripotent cells found in the inner cell mass of the blastocyst.

embryonic stem

Sometimes a gene knockout produces no obvious phenotypic effect. This may be due to the small contribution of the gene to the organism's phenotype, to gene redundancy, or because the effect may only be seen under certain __________ conditions.

environmental

True or false: Reproductive cloning can only occur as a result of laboratory manipulations.

false

Altering the sequence of a gene, such as with the CRISPR-Cas system, is known as ______.

gene modification

Gene knockout allows researchers to study

how the loss of normal gene function affects an organism.

In a type of gene replacement called gene __________ , a cloned gene is rendered inactive and replaces a normal gene at its chromosomal location.

knockout

A strain of mice engineered to carry a mutation that is analogous to a disease-causing mutation in a human gene is called a mouse

model

The process of gene __________ aims to alter the sequence of a gene.

modification

To study how the loss of normal gene function affects the phenotype of a mouse, CRISPR-Cas technology can be used to introduce a deletion into a specific mouse gene. This process is called gene ______.

modification

Mice have been developed with genetic modifications that make them develop symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease. These mice are an example of a ______.

mouse model

Hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow supply cells that populate blood and lymphoid tissues and are ______.

multipotent

What field of medicine can be improved by xenotransplantation research?

organ transplantation

The production of medically important proteins in the mammary glands of livestock is called molecular

pharming

In one of the earliest applications of biotechnology, a bacterial strain was engineered to produce a human hormone with a short coding sequence called ______.

somatostatin

Embryonic stem cells are found in ______.

the blastocyst

Select all that apply Molecular pharming can refer to ______.

the manufacture of medical products in agricultural plants production of medically important proteins in the mammary glands of livestock

Primordial germ cells in the testis that can only differentiate into a single cell type, the sperm, are an example of ______ stem cells

unipotent

Stem cells that only differentiate into a single cell type are said to be

unipotent

Biological control is the ______.

use of living organisms or their products to alleviate plant diseases

The transplantation of cells, tissues, or organs from one animal species to another is called

xenotransplantation

Which protein used to treat emphysema is produced in the milk of domestic animals?

α1-Antitrypsin

Select the substances that are treated through bioremediation.

-Pesticides -Herbicides -Petroleum hydrocarbons -Organic solvents -Sewage

Select reasons that a gene knockout may produce no obvious phenotypic effect.

-The gene in question makes such a small contribution to the organism's phenotype that its loss is difficult to detect -Gene redundancy -The effects of the knockout may be observed only under certain environmental conditions

Scientists are mainly interested in stem cells to help them understand basic genetic mechanisms that underlie the process of ________ , and for their potential to treat human _________.

development Diseases

For ES or EG cells to be used in transplantation, researchers have to know how to cause the cells to _________ into the appropriate type of tissue.

differentiate

The larger fish at the back of the photo has grown faster and larger due to the incorporation of a ___________ -factor regulating gene from another salmon species.

growth

The possibility of human cloning raises many ethical questions. Some people feel it could be a new way to offer _________ couples a chance at reproduction. Others are concerned that human cloning is __________ wrong.

infertile ethically

To produce mouse models for human diseases a missense mutation can be introduced int a specific gene through CRISPR-Cas technology. This is an example of gene __________.

modification

Stem cells that can differentiate into several cell types but far fewer than an embryonic stem cell are said to be ________.

multipotent

Select all that apply Select the common characteristics of stem cells.

-They can differentiate into one or more specialized cell types. -They have the capacity to divide.

The introduction of genetic material into plants and animals results in_______ modified ________

-genetically -organisms

The Monsanto Company has produced transgenic plant strains tolerant of _________ , which is a herbicide. The herbicide then kills _________ but not the crop of interest.

-glyphosate -weeds

People with ___________ -dependent diabetes cannot synthesize an adequate amount of _________ and must get it from an alternate source.

-insulin -insulin

A gene _________is a gene _________ in which a gene of interest has been added to a particular site in the mouse genome.

-knockin -Addition

Microorganisms can exert biological control against plant pathogens or insects by competing with pathogens for __________or space or producing a __________ that inhibits pathogens or insects.

-nutrients -toxins

Tests revealed that Dolly was "genetically __________ than her actual age indicated. This was likely due, in part, to her shorter __________.

-older -telomeres

Somatostatin is a hormone ______.

-produced by engineering bacterial cells -that inhibits the secretion of other hormones such as insulin and glucagon

Which protein, produced in the milk of domestic animals, is used to treat some inherited forms of hemophilia?

Factor IX

True or false: All biotransformation results in biodegradation.

False

True or false: Gene knockins are integrated into chromosomes at random sites.

False

What component of bone marrow is useful to patients with certain types of cancers?

Stem cells

With the exception of those in the blood, other types of adult ________ ________ are difficult to locate and to remove in sufficient numbers for transplantation.

Stem cells

A stem cell that can differentiate into almost every cell type in the body, but has lost the ability to produce an entire, intact individual is called ______.

pluripotent

Embryonic stem cells are _________ , which means that they can differentiate into almost every cell type of the body, but a single embryonic stem cell has lost the ability to produce an entire, intact individual.

pluripotent

If one type of gene is inactivated and another gene with similar function compensates for the inactive gene, this is known as gene ______.

redundancy

Incorporation of a growth hormone-regulating gene and promoter from other species produced a genetically modified ______ that can grow year round instead of only during specific seasons.

salmon

Gene __________ means that when one type of gene is inactivated, another gene with a similar function may be able to compensate for the inactive gene.

redundancy

For ES or EG cells to be used in transplantation, researchers must be able to cause them to differentiate into the appropriate type of tissue. This process is thought to directly involve ______.

-properties of neighboring cells -factors internal to the stem cells -hormones and growth factors

Place the steps to create a knockin mouse in order.

1. A gene of interest is cloned and surrounded by DNA sequences from the mouse genome. 2. The cloned DNA is injected into a fertilized mouse oocyte. 3. Homologous recombination introduces the gene into a noncritical region of the genome. 4. The oocyte is transplanted into the uterus of a female mouse. 5. A mouse with the inserted gene develops

Considering a diploid cell, how many copies of a gene already present in the genome would be present immediately following gene addition (assume the cell has not progressed through the cell cycle)?

3