chapter 21 learningcurve

Early socialist thinkers shared a sense that which of the following had contributed to the creation of a profound spiritual and moral crisis in Europe?

The rise of laissez faire

What was the "Congress System," established in the early nineteenth century?

The settlement of international crises through conferences and balance-of-power diplomacy

What did the nineteenth-century thinker Charles Fourier believe about women's rights?

The total emancipation (free from restrictions) of women would benefit society.

How did the Quadruple Alliance guard against the possibility of renewed French aggression?

It returned the German-speaking lands on France's eastern border to Prussia.

What was the reaction of Spain to the liberal uprisings in its South American colonies?

It sent troops but could not defeat the movements.

What happened to the early liberal governments formed across Latin America after independence had been won?

They were difficult to implement and often failed.

Why did French king Charles X invade Algeria in 1830?

To rally French nationalism as a way to restore the old order

How was the revolution in Hungary finally ended in 1849?

Tsar Nicolas I of Russia sent troops into Hungary.

Which author's writings exemplify the Romantic interest in fantastic characters, exotic historical settings, and deep human emotions?

Victor Hugo

Who wrote "to every natural form, rock, fruit or flower . . . I gave a moral life"?

William Wordsworth

The Constitutional Charter of 1814 granted by Louis XVIII of France

established a liberal constitution with some individual freedoms.

Austrian foreign minister Prince Klemens von Metternich believed that

liberalism was responsible for the bloodshed of the Age of Revolutions.

What was Prince Metternich's view of the revolutions in America and France?

Middle-class revolutionaries stirred up the masses and bore responsibility for untold bloodshed.

What did Count Henri de Saint-Simon, active in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, believe was the key to progress?

Proper social organization

What two fundamental principles made up the doctrine of liberalism?

Representative government and equality before the law

In what way were Republicans in the mid-nineteenth century more radical than liberals?

Republicans had a greater willingness to endorse violence to achieve their goals.

What was the pattern of revolution across Europe in 1848?

Revolutionary coalitions won easy victories, but monarchs quickly revoked all reforms

What was the Frankfurt parliament's proposal of a "Greater Germany," issued in 1848?

A proposal of national unification that included German-speaking lands of the Austrian empire

Why did Irish peasants live in abominable conditions during the nineteenth century?

Absentee Protestant English landlords set high rents and easily evicted tenants.

What was one result of the Great Famine for Ireland?

Alone in Europe, Ireland experienced a declining population.

Marx argued that society was split more clearly than ever between what groups?

Bourgeoisie and proletariat

While under the control of the Ottoman Empire, Greek national unity was encouraged in part by the...

Greek Orthodox religion

While under the control of the Ottoman Empire, Greek national unity was encouraged in part by the

Greek Orthodox religion.

Which statement summarizes the life of Karl Marx?

He fled Prussia, traveled Europe, and was able to write, thanks to Friedrich Engels.

What was the problem with the response by Prussian king Frederick William to the riots in Berlin of March 1848?

He made promises to create a liberal constitution that satisfied no one.

What was Romanticism's general conception of nature?

Romantics were inspired by nature's tempestuous beauty.

Which four European states comprised the Quadruple Alliance and were committed to maintaining a balance of power in the early nineteenth century?

Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain

What was guaranteed to all French citizens by the decrees of the French provisional government issued in 1848?

The ability to trade with other countries

What caused the latent conflict in Britain between the aristocracy and the working class to become an open conflict in 1815?

The passage of the 1815 revisions to the Corn Laws

How did Alexis de Tocqueville explain the election of the centrist Constituent Assembly in May 1848?

The peasants and the middle classes, bound together by their ownership of property, opposed the growing socialist movement.