Chapter 21 Review
Rosa Parks
African Americans battled discrimination on city buses as well. Who was arrested for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white man in Montgomery, Alabama?
They were outraged by the police brutality
How did many Americans react to the events in Birmingham, Alabama?
They attacked the activists with dogs and water hoses
How did the police respond to the civil rights activists in Birmingham, Alabama?
Jim Crow Laws
Laws that were aimed at keeping blacks separate from whites throughout the South.
Thurgood Marshall
Lawyer who argued Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka before the Supreme Court in 1954.
Civil Rights Movement
Movement that began in the 1950s by blacks to gain greater equality in American society.
1. Jesus- to love one's enemies. 2. Writer Henry David Thoreau- took idea of civil disobedience. 3. A. Philip Randolph- how to organize huge demonstrations. 4. Mohandas Gandhi- to resist oppression without using violence.
Name four people from whom Martin Luther King Jr. drew his ideas and explain what their ideas were.
1. schools 2. buses
Name the two places that African Americans targeted for racial desegregation.
A sweeping civil rights bill
The growing civil rights movement impressed President Kennedy. What did President Kennedy call on Congress to pass?
Decisions banning segregation in public transportation
What Supreme Court decisions were the Freedom Riders testing?
He sent in federal troops to allow the students to enter the Little Rock high school.
What action did President Eisenhower take in response to the Arkansas governor's refusal to obey the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka?
1. Created new job opportunities for African Americans due to a shortage of white male workers 2. African American soldiers' experiences in the war fueled their determination to fight for their own freedom 3. President Franklin Roosevelt outlawed racial discrimination in all federal agencies and war-related companies which had given African Americans a taste of equality and respectability.
What are three ways in which World War II helped set the stage for the civil rights movement?
1. It outlawed discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, and gender. 2. It gave the government more power to push for school desegregation.
What are two things the Civil Rights Act of 1964 accomplished?
Segregation in all travel facilities
What did the Interstate Commerce Commission ban?
They sent in U.S. marshals to enforce desegregation
What did the Kennedy administration do when the governor of Mississippi refused to admit James Meredith to the all-white University of Mississippi?
The schools were unequal and therefore unconstitutional.
What did the Supreme Court rule about separate schools for whites and blacks?
March on Washington (1963)
What event was organized to persuade Congress to pass Kennedy's civil rights bill?
"I have a dream" speech
What famous speech did Martin Luther King give during the March on Washington?
The Affirmative Action Program
What is the name of the program aimed at making special efforts to hire or include minorities?
de jure segregation
What is the term for segregation that exists by law?
de facto segregation
What is the term for segregation that exists by practice or custom and requires changing people's attitudes?
Both verbal and physical violence
What kind of violence did the Freedom Riders face?
Civil disobedience
What method of resistance did Martin Luther King Jr. preach?
1. It led to the passage of important civil rights acts. 2. It led to the banning of segregation. 3. It helped African Americans gain their full voting rights.
What three goals did the Civil Rights Movement achieve?
They sent 400 U.S. marshals to protect the Freedom Riders
What was the federal government's response to the attacks on the Freedom Riders in Montgomery, Alabama?
Integrating Southern schools
What was the focus of civil rights workers after integrating buses and bus stations?
To study the causes of urban violence
What was the goal of the Kerner Commission?
white racisim
What was the main cause for violence in the cities according to the Kerner Commission's report issued in March 1968?
The boycott lasted 381 days and resulted in the Supreme Court ruling that segregated buses were illegal.
What was the outcome of the Montgomery bus boycott?
The civil rights activists were successful in desegregating the city
What was the outcome of the events in Birmingham, Alabama?
To desegregate the city
What was the purpose of the civil rights leaders in Birmingham, Alabama in 1963?
They organized a bus boycott of Montgomery's city bus system to protest discrimination.
What was the response of African Americans in Montgomery to the incident in the previous question?
Freedom Summer Project
What was the voting project in which civil rights activists worked to gain voting rights for African Americans in the South?
1. Poor schools 2. High unemployment 3. Decaying slums
What were three problems faced by African Americans in the North during the 1960s?
Stokely Carmichael
Which black civil rights leader introduced the Black Power movement which encouraged African American pride and leadership?
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Which civil rights group was formed by mostly college-age students?
Malcolm X
Which civil rights leader urged African Americans to fight back when attacked but eventually changed his policy regarding violence and started to urge African Americans to use peaceful means, especially voting, to win equality?
Martin Luther King Jr.
Which civil rights leader was shot and killed in 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee, setting off a chain reaction of riots and causing cities across the nation to erupt in violence?
Selma to Montgomery March (1965)
Which event's televised scenes of violence convinced Lyndon B. Johnson to ask Congress for swift passage of a voting rights act?
Civil Rights Act of 1968
Which law banned discrimination in housing?
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Which law eliminated state laws, such as the literacy test, that prevented African Americans from voting?
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
Which organization was founded under the leadership of Martin Luther King Jr. and other civil rights leaders for the purpose of carrying out nonviolent campaigns against segregation and racism?
Black Panthers
Which political party was formed in 1966 by African Americans to fight police brutality and urged violent resistance against whites?
sit-ins
Which protest tactic did members of the SNCC use to desegregate lunch counters throughout the South?
Robert Kennedy
Which senator and civil rights supporter was shot and killed in 1968 by a Jordanian immigrant because of his support for Israel?
Martin Luther King Jr.
Who was the Baptist pastor chosen to lead the Montgomery bus boycott?
Civil rights activists protesting for integration
Who were the Freedom Riders?
