Chapter 21: Review questions

Using the letters from Column B, match the cell description in column A. (some take more than a single choice) (a) Natural killer cell (b) Neutrophil (c) Dendritic cell (d) Mast cell (e) Cytotoxic T cell (f) B cell (g) Macrophage (h) Helper T cell (i) Basophil 1. Phagocyte 2. Release histamine 3. Release perfoins 4. Lymphocyte 5. Effector cells of adaptive immunity 6. Antigen-presenting cell

1. Phagocyte (b) Neutrophil (g) Macrophage 2. Release histamine (d) Mast cell (i) Basophil 3. Release perfoins (a)Natural killer cell (e)Cytotoxic T cell 4. Lymphocyte (a)Natural killer cell (e)Cytotoxic T cell (f)B cell (h)Helper T cell 5. Effector cells of adaptive immunity (e)Cytotoxic T cell (h)Helper T cell 6. Antigen-presenting cell (c)Dendritic cell (f)B cell (g)Macrophage

Differentiate between a primary and a secondary immune response. Which is more rapid and why?

A primary immune response results in cellular proliferation, differentiation of mature effector and memory lymphocytes, and the synthesis and release of antibodies—a series of events that takes 3 to 6 days. The secondary immune response results in huge numbers of antibodies flooding into the bloodstream within hours after recognition of the antigen, as well as an amplified cellular attack. Secondary responses are faster because the immune system has been primed to the antigen and sizable numbers of sensitized memory cells are already in place.

Which antibody class is abundant in body secretions? A) IgA B) IgD C) IgE D) IgG, E) IgM

A) IgA

Describe the process of activation of a CD4 T cell

Activation of CD4 cells involves both antigen binding and co-stimulation. The CD4 cells bind only to antigen linked to class II MHC proteins, typically found on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Before a CD4 cell can proliferate and form clones, it has to recognize one or more co-stimulatory signals; this involves binding to yet another surface receptor on the APC and the reception of cytokines, such as interleukins

What events can result in autoimmune disease?

Autoimmune disease results from changes in the structure of self-antigens, ineffective or inefficient lymphocyte programming, and by cross-reaction of antibodies produced against foreign antigens with self-antigens

Lymphocytes that develop immunocompetence in the bone marrow are: A) T Lymphocytes B) B Lymphocytes C) NK Cells D) T Cells and B Cells

B) B Lymphocytes

All of the following are considered innate body defenses except. A) Complement B) Phagocytosis C) Antibodies D) Lysozymes E) Inflammation

C) Antibodies

Name the five antibody classes and describe where each is more likely to be found in the body

Class IgD—virtually always attached to B cells; B cell receptor Class IgM—monomer attached to B cells; pentamer free in plasma (during primary response) Class IgG—in plasma Class IgA—some in plasma, most in secretions such as saliva, tears, intestinal juice, and milk Class IgE—secreted by plasma cells in skin, mucosae of gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts and tonsils

Name several cytokines and describe their role in the immune response

Cytokines are soluble glycoproteins released by activated T cells. They enhance the defensive activity of T cells, B cells, and macrophages.

Antibodies released by plasma cells are involved in: A) humoral immunity B) immediate hypersensitivity reactions C) autoimmune disorders. D) All of the above

D) All of the above

The cell type most often invaded by HIV A) Eosinophil B) Cytotoxic T cell C) Natural killer cell D) Helper T cell E) B cell

D) Helper T cell

Which of the following antibodies can fix complement? A) IgA B) IgD C) IgE D) IgG, E) IgM

D) IgG

Cells that can directly attack target cells include all of the following except: A) Macrophages B) Cytotoxic T cells C) Helper T cells D) natural killer cells

D) cytotoxic T cell

complement fixation promotes all of the following except A) cell lysis B) inflammation C) opsonization D) interferon release E) chemotaxis of neutrophils and other cells

D) interferon release

Describe the specific roles of helper, regulatory, and cytotoxic T cells in normal cell mediated immunity

Helper T cells function to chemically or directly stimulate the proliferation of other T cells and of B cells that have already become bound to antigen. Suppressor T cells function to temper the normal immune response by dampening the activity of both T cells and B cells by releasing cytokines that suppress their activity. Cytotoxic T cells function to kill virus-invaded body cells and cancer cells and are involved in rejection of foreign tissue grafts

Differeniate between humoral and cell mediated adaptive immunity

Humoral immunity is provided by the antibodies in the body's fluids. Cell-mediated immunity is provided by non-antibody-producing lymphocytes, i.e., T cells.

Do vaccines produce active or passive humoral immunity? Explain your answer. Why is passive immunity less satisfactory?

Vaccines produce active humoral immunity because most contain dead or extremely weakened pathogens that have the antigenic determinants necessary to stimulate the immune response but are generally unable to cause disease. Passive immunity is less than satisfactory because neither active antibody production nor immunological memory is established.