Chapter 22-23 A.P U.S. History

The automobile's effect on American life

Changes many things. Rise in mass production. Increase production cut down the prices. Henry Ford pays his workers 5$ a day to work 8 hours, 5 days a week. It seems like everyone now had grass, and a driveway, a garage, everyone had a car. People would choose to buy a car over installing plumbing in their houses.

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South and Central America by using military force.

Teapot Dome Scandal

Scandal of the 1920's shocked Americans by revealing an unprecedented level of greed and corruption within a presidential administration.

War Industries Board

Set up after the war to coordinate military purchasing; ensure production efficiency; and provide weapons, equipment, and supplies to the military.

Calvin Coolidge

Silent Cal, was the 30th president, led the nation through most of the roaring twenties, a decade of dynamic social and cultural change, materialism and excess.

Al Smith

Democratic Nominee in Election of 1928. He was a Roman Catholic and a friend of Herbert Hoover, many went after him because of his religion. He lost the election by a massive amount.

Dollar Diplomacy

Term used to describe the efforts of the US to further its foreign policy through the use of economic power by guaranteeing loans to foreign countries.

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

The Fordney- McCumber Tariff (1922) and Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930) pushed U.S. import duties to all-time highs, benefiting domestic manufacturers but stifling foreign trade. As a percentage of the GNP, U.S. exports actually fell between 1913 and 1929. Yet change was underway as the U.S. industry retooled for mass production. Manufactured goods, less than half the value of total U.S. exports in 1913, rose to 61 percent of the total by the end of the 1920s. This was praised by the Republican Platform, and urged tax and spending cuts. With the economy humming, Coolidge polled nearly 16 million votes, about twice Davis's total. La Follette's 4.8 million votes on the Progressive party ticket cut into the Democratic total, contributing to the Coolidge landslide.

Meuse-Argonne offensive

The Meuse-Argonne Offensive was the largest operations of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) in World War I, with over a million American soldiers participating. It was also the deadliest campaign in American history, resulting in over 26,000 soldiers being killed in action (KIA) and over 120,000 total casualties.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

He created a series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulations it took place between 1933-1936 in response to the Great Depression. They also used for the Democratic nominee James M. Cox ́s running mate while he was the secretary of the Navy.

Warren Harding

He first served as a member of the U.S. Senate. When he ran for President in the 1920s he campaigned about a return to normalcy since after the first world war. He was the first President to hire a speechwriter, and the first President to ride in a car to ride to his inauguration. He is known as the first black President. Even though no one talks about it. His father was apparently mulatto(mixed) and his great-grandmother was black. His wife Florence was a mean woman. His cabinet when elected was: Secretary of State Charles Evans Hewes, Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon, and Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover. President nominated his friends for capital jobs and this started all the corruption surrounding his Presidency which began with his capital friends known as the ̈Ohio Gang ̈. A few examples of these were:White House Physician ̈Doc ̈ Sawyer, Veterans Affairs,Colonel Charles R. Forbes, Attorney General. This Ohio Gang he has played poker and swindled the Government out of over $250 million dollars. He died in August of 1923 and a lot of scandals involving the Ohio Gang broke after this. One good thing he did was create the Washington Naval Arms Conference. The President also had many girlfriends a big one was Mrs. Nan Britton they met when she was 15 years old and he said he never wanted to own anything more than her. He also dated Carrie Phillips. In Feb. 1919 Nan Britton wrote to Harding letting him know she was pregnant and that he was the father. Carrie Phillips though was Florence ́s best friend and their affair lasted 10 years. Nan and Harding were caught in a hotel room together. Phillips husband came out about the affair not long after. He also had a 6 year affair with his secretary when he was a Senator, and a widow who was a neighbor which lasted 10 years. In June 1923 his health began declining and he started to lose sleep and was always tired. While on a trip which was covering the country out west on the way to Alaska he became very sick. Where he learned he had an enlarged heart. They began on the way to San Francisco where on August 2nd at 7:35 P.M. the President gasped and died.

Sacco-Vanzetti case

Immigrants; charged and convicted of robbery and murder; despite evidence in their defense, they were executed.

Schenck v. United States

In three 1919 decisions, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the Espionage Act convictions of war critics. In Schenck v. United States, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., writing for a unanimous court, justified such repression in cases where a person's exercise of the First Amendment right of free speech posed a "clear and present danger" to the nation.

Commission on Training Camp Activities

It was where the army Activities presented films, lectures, and posters on the dangers of alcohol and prostitution. Any soldier dis- abled by venereal (that is, sexually transmitted) disease, one poster warned, "is a Traitor!" Camp commanders confined trainees to the base until nearby towns closed all brothels and saloons. The army's anti-liquor, anti-prostitution policies strengthened the moral-reform campaigns of the Progressive Era. They also hired sixty female lecturers to tour the nation urging women to uphold standards of sexual morality. "Do Your Bit to Keep Him Fit" one wartime pamphlet advised women.

Welfare Capitalism

Its capitalism that includes social welfare policies. Welfare capitalism is also the practice of businesses providing welfare services to their employees.

Zimmermann telegram

January 1917 the British intercepted a telegram from the German government to the Mexican government offering German support if Mexico declared war against the US; offered to return land Mexico lost to the US.

Scopes "Monkey" Trial

John T. Scopes, a schoolteacher from Dayton, Tennessee, decided to break the laws banning teaching the theory of evolution and was arrested. His trial was broadcast across America and became a media sensation. He was found guilty and fined, but the entire purpose was to generate interest in Dayton.

Creel Committee on Public Information

Journalist George Creel headed the key wartime propaganda agency, the Committee on Public Information (CPI). While claiming merely to combat rumors with facts, the Creel Committee, in reality, publicized the government's version of events and discredited all who questioned that version. One of CPI's twenty-one divisions distributed posters drawn by leading illustrators. Another wrote propaganda releases that appeared in the press as "news" with no indication of their source.

John J. "Black Jack" Pershing

Led the American Expeditionary Force; urged that the AEF operate as an independent fighting force, under American command; was made General of the Armies of the United States, which is the highest rank given to an officer.

Marcus Garvey

Many poor urban blacks turned to him. He was head of the Universal Negro improvement association and he urged black economic cooperation and founded a chain of UNIA grocery stores and other businesses.

Great White Fleet

Nickname for a group of 16 American battleships sent on a training mission to Japan, meant to underscore America's growing naval might.

The National Origins Act of 1924

Revision of immigration law, restricted annual immigration from any foreign country to 2% of the total number of people of these nationalities from 1890, meant to reduce the numbers of immigrants because of an influx of Europeans coming to America after 1890.

Selective Service Act of 1917

Required all men between twenty-one and thirty (later expanded to eighteen through forty-five) to register with local draft boards.

Treaty of Versailles

The treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War 1 which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans.

1916 presidential election

The war dominated this election. The nominees were Democrat Woodrow Wilson and Republican Charles Evans Hewes.

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

This established the nation's first numerical limits on the number of immigrants who could enter the United States. The Immigration Act of 1924, also known as the National Origins Act, made the quotas stricter and permanent.

American AEF

This is known as the American Expeditionary Force. 12,000 Native Americans in October 1917 they're was eventually 2 million Americans served in this Force they served under General John J. Pershing. African Americans who worked in it mainly worked as mess-boys (mealtime aides)

1928 presidential election

This was an election between Herbert Hoover and Alfred Smith. Hoover won by a landslide. The public went after Alfred Smith ́s religion which was Roman Catholic while Hoover was a quaker. 67.5% of the eligible voters voted during this election.

Russo-Japanese war

War between Japan and Russia in which Russian expansion was beaten back by the Japanese. Roosevelt stepped in to mediate peace between the nations, for which he received a Nobel Peace Prize, even though he caused it.

1920 presidential election

Wilson wanted to run for a 3rd term during this election but he just had his 2nd stroke and he couldn't even speak so his wife was filling in as President and was making all the decisions. So the nominees during this election were Dem. nominee James Cox, governor of NY, and the Republican Nominee was Warren G. Harding, a senator. Harding ́s choice of VP Calvin Coolidge and Cox chose FDR. FDR was campaigning for Herbert Hoover to win the nomination while during that Cox launched a campaign against Harding, but Harding completely ignored Cox and went after Wilson instead.

Fourteen Points

Wilson's proposition for world peace and democracy after the horrors of the global conflict in WWI. was viewed with mixed reaction from many Americans who wanted to return to post-war isolationism and those that wanted America to play a large role in post-war peace

1918 Influenza Pandemic

Worldwide, (textbook says) as many as 30 million people died. During the Great War. More people died in 1 year than in 4 years of the Bubonic plague. Unusually severe, "something in it made it like the sleepy virus. People were unable to move or speak." Ends in December of 1920.

Flapper

A term for the "New Woman" of the 1920s, she was youthful and defiant of older stereotypes, fully partaking in hedonistic pleasures such as smoking, and focused on the concept of beauty.

Washington Naval Arms Conference

After the war ended in 1918, the United States, Great Britain, and Japan edged toward a dangerous (and costly) naval arms race. In 1921 Harding called for a conference to address the problem. When the delegates gathered in Washington, Secretary of State Hughes startled them by proposing a specific ratio of ships among the world's naval powers. In February 1922 the three nations, together with Italy and France, pledged to reduce their battleship tonnage by specified amounts and to halt all battleship construction for ten years. The United States and Japan also agreed to respect each other's territorial holdings in the Pacific. Although this treaty ultimately failed to prevent war, it did represent an early arms control effort.

Open Door Policy

Allowed for a system of trade in China open to all countries equally.

Herbert Hoover

America's 31st president, took office in 1929, the year the U.S. economy plummeted into the great depression.

Henry Ford

An American industrialist and a business magnate, the founder of the Ford Motor Company, and sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production.

Franz Ferdinand

Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria who made a trip to Bosnia with his wife in 1914. While there his motorcade was ambushed by members of the Black Hand, a terrorist organization that proceeded to assassinate him and his pregnant wife. This event is widely regarded as the one to kick off the Great War, WWI.

American Neutrality at the outbreak of World War I

At the beginning of WWI America claimed itself as neutral despite its ties with Britain, neutrality became America's chief goal. This neutrality was broken by Wilson's reactions to the issues that dragged America into the war.

Sinking of the Lusitania

On May 1, 1915, in a small ad in U.S. newspapers, the German embassy cautioned Americans against travel on British or French vessels. Six days later, a U-boat sank the British liner Lusitania off the Irish coast, with the loss of 1,198 lives, including 128 Americans. As headlines screamed the news, U.S. public opinion turned sharply anti-German.The Lusitania disaster exposed deep divisions in U.S. public opinion. Many Americans, now ready for war, ridiculed Wilson's "too proud to fight" speech. Theodore Roosevelt denounced the president's "abject cowardice." The National Security League, a lobby of bankers and industrialists, promoted a U.S. arms buildup and universal military training and organized "preparedness" parades in major cities. By late 1915 Wilson himself called for a military buildup.Other citizens had taken Wilson's neutrality speeches seriously and deplored the drift toward war. Some feminists and reformers warned that war fever was eroding support for progressive reforms. Jane Addams lamented that the international movements to reduce infant mortality and improve care for the aged had been "scattered to the winds by the war."

1924 presidential election

Progressive party forms and runs Robert M. Lafayette. Republicans run Calvin Coolidge, he "wins BIG". Makes radio broadcast speech.

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

Pushed U.S. import duties to all-time highs, benefiting domestic manufacturers but stifling foreign trade. As a percentage of the GNP, U.S. exports actually fell between 1913 and 1929. Yet change was underway as U.S. industry retooled for mass production. Manufactured goods, less than half the value of total U.S. exports in 1913, rose to 61 percent of the total by the end of the 1920s.

Jazz Age

The entire Jazz Age was partially a media and novelistic creation. Fitzgerald's romanticized novel about the affluent postwar young, This Side of Paradise(1920), spawned many imitators. With his movie-idol good looks, the youthful Fitzgerald not only wrote about the Jazz Age but lived it. He and his wife Zelda partied away the early twenties in New York, Paris, and the French Riviera. A moralist at heart, Fitzgerald both admired and deplored the behavior he chronicled. His The Great Gatsby (1925) captured not only the glamorous, party filled lives of the moneyed class of the 1920s, but also their materialism, self-absorption, and casual disregard of those below them on the social scale. Like the flapper, the Jazz Age stereotype captured a part of the postwar scene, especially the brassy, urban mass culture and hedonism so different from the high-minded reformism of the Progressive Era. It was a cultural period and movement that took place in America during the 1920s from which both new styles of music and dance emerged. Largely credited to African Americans employing new musical techniques along with traditional African traditions, jazz soon expanded to America's white middle class

Panama Canal

The idea to build a canal in Panama as not new to America, as groups of both Scots and French had attempted it, though the French were somewhat successful. They had already begun to dig when America purchased the land and materials already on it from the French after assisting Panama in gaining its independence from Columbia. Major George Washington Goethals was sent with the Army Corps of Engineers to construct it. They built lots of facilities before the canal so the people would have stuff to do. Col. Wm. Crawford Gorgas figures out how to stop Mosquitos from killing so many people and kill them. It was opened Oct. 10, 1913, first ship to pass through is French ship. It cost 375 million and was 25 million below estimate. Total deaths were 5,609 people.