Chapter 22

22) T cells develop from stem cells in the A) bone marrow. B) liver. C) spleen. D) thymus. E) kidneys.

A) bone marrow.*

8) The medulla of a lymph node contains ________ lymphocytes and macrophages. A) cytotoxic T B) medullary C) NK D) B E) cordal

B) medullary*

35) Lymph fluid enters the venous circulation via the A) right atrium. B) subclavian veins. C) brachiocephalic trunks. D) jugular veins. E) superior and inferior vena cava.

B) subclavian veins.*

81) The end result of the classical and alternative pathways of complement activation is A) an increase in pyrogen release. B) release of histamine. C) activated C3B attached to the cell wall. D) C1 bound to two antibodies. E) activation of properdin.

C) activated C3B attached to the cell wall.*

4) Compared to blood capillaries, lymph capillaries exhibit all of the following except that they A) have no basement membrane. B) have only a tunica interna. C) have walls of endothelial cells that overlap like shingles. D) are smaller in diameter. E) are frequently irregular in shape.

D) are smaller in diameter.*

52) Which of the following is not a lymphocyte? A) NK cells B) plasma cells C) memory T cells D) macrophages E) suppressor T cells

D) macrophages*

77) Place the following steps of NK cell killing in order. 1. Secretion of perforin 2. Realignment of Golgi apparatus 3. Lysis of abnormal cell 4. Recognition and adhesion A) 4, 2, 1, 3 B) 2, 1, 4, 3 C) 4, 1, 2, 3 D) 1, 2, 4, 3 E) 1, 4, 3, 2

A) 4, 2, 1, 3*

140) Anti-A and Anti-B blood typing antibodies are of which class? A) IgG B) IgE C) IgD D) IgM E) IgA

A) IgG*

66) The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells. A) NK B) plasma C) B D) helper T E) suppressor T

A) NK*

9) ________ are large lymphatic nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx. A) Tonsils B) Peyer's patches C) Lymph nodes D) Immune complexes E) Spleens

A) Tonsils*

6) All of the following are true of the thymus gland except that it A) activates B cells. B) reaches its greatest relative size during the second year of life. C) involutes after puberty. D) produces T cells. E) lies in the anterior mediastinum.

A) activates B cells.*

71) Free phagocytes found in the air sacs of the lungs are called A) alveolar macrophages. B) histiocytes. C) Kupffer cells. D) pleurocytes. E) microglia.

A) alveolar macrophages.*

152) When the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues, a(n) ________ develops. A) autoimmune disease B) immunodeficiency disease C) allergic response D) cross-reaction E) agglutination reaction

A) autoimmune disease*

130) A ________ antigen is an antigen with at least two antigenic determinant sites. A) complete B) perfect C) mature D) paired E) dipolar

A) complete*

150) The term immunological ________ refers to the ability to demonstrate an immune response upon exposure to an antigen. A) determination B) readiness C) competence D) potency E) drive

A) determination*

147) Which of the following is not a characteristic of AIDS? A) has killed at least 1/2 million people in the United States B) is spread most often through sexual contact C) attacks the T helper (CD4) cells D) is declining worldwide E) almost always eventually fatal

A) has killed at least 1/2 million people in the United States*

149) Stress can affect the immune response in all of the following ways except by A) inhibiting glucocorticoid release. B) depressing the inflammatory response. C) reducing the number of phagocytes. D) inhibiting interleukin secretion. E) increasing the level of cortisol.

A) inhibiting glucocorticoid release.*

138) A sensitized B cell typically is not activated until A) it binds a helper T cell that releases cytokines. B) it binds a cytotoxic T cell. C) memory B cells have been cloned. D) it has cloned plasma cells. E) antibodies have been produced.

A) it binds a helper T cell that releases cytokines.*

29) An infection and inflammation of the aggregated lymphatic nodules in the pharynx is called A) laryngitis. B) lymph edema. C) tonsillitis. D) indigestion. E) lymphosis.

A) laryngitis.*

86) Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity. A) naturally acquired active B) naturally acquired passive C) artificially acquired active D) artificially acquired passive E) innate

A) naturally acquired active*

135) The process by which the surface of a microorganism is covered with antibodies and complement, rendering it more likely to be phagocytized, is called A) opsonization.* B) activation. C) agglutination. D) precipitation. E) neutralization.

A) opsonization.*

50) Stem cells that will form B cells or NK cells are found only in the A) red bone marrow. B) liver. C) spleen. D) thymus. E) kidneys.

A) red bone marrow.*

44) In general, lymphocytes A) spend most of their time in lymphatic tissue. B) have relatively short life spans. C) have two nuclei. D) are produced and mature only in red bone marrow. E) are located primarily in the blood stream.

A) spend most of their time in lymphatic tissue.*

23) Lymphatic tissue is found in the greatest quantity in A) the adult spleen. B) the adult thymus. C) bone marrow. D) the tonsils. E) Peyer's patches.

A) the adult spleen.*

17) The merging of ________ forms the right lymphatic duct. A) the right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks B) the right lumbar, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks C) two great vessels D) the thoracic and mediastinal ducts E) superior and inferior lymphatic ducts

A) the right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks*

34) Large lymphatic vessels have a wall structure most similar to which blood vessel? A) veins B) venules C) capillaries D) arterioles E) arteries

A) veins*

19) Lymphatic vessels begin in peripheral tissues and ultimately drain into A) veins. B) peripheral capillary beds. C) arteries. D) the kidneys. E) arterioles.

A) veins.*

125) Each IgG has ________ binding sites for attachment to antigenic determinants. A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) up to 8 E) as many as a 1000

B) 2*

96) The following are steps in the cell-mediated immune response. What is the correct sequence for these steps? 1. Several cycles of mitosis occur. 2. Antigen is engulfed and presented by a macrophage. 3. Cytotoxic T cells migrate to focus of infection. 4. T cells with specific receptors recognize the antigen. 5. T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells or T memory cells. 6. Cytotoxic T cells release perforin and/or lymphotoxin. A) 4, 1, 5, 3, 6, 2 B) 2, 4, 1, 5, 3, 6 C) 1, 2, 4, 5, 3, 6 D) 3, 2, 4, 1, 5, 6 E) 3, 6, 4, 5, 1, 2

B) 2, 4, 1, 5, 3, 6*

46) The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the ________ cells. A) NK B) B C) helper T D) cytotoxic T E) suppressor T

B) B*

25) The cell that dominates the deep cortical region of a lymph node is the ________ cell. A) B B) T C) plasma D) nodule E) NK

B) T

11) The term lymphadenopathy refers to A) a congenital lack or malformation of lymph nodes. B) a chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes. C) accumulations of lymph in the tissue space. D) the lack of lymphocytes in peripheral circulation. E) increased numbers of circulating lymphocytes.

B) a chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes.*

85) Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by A) innate immunity. B) adaptive immunity. C) immunological surveillance. D) skin defenses. E) fever.

B) adaptive immunity.*

111) Class II MHC proteins are present in the plasma membrane only when A) a helper T cell has engulfed an antigen. B) an antigen-presenting cell has engulfed and is processing an antigen. C) a virus-infected cell secretes interferons. D) a cancerous cell gets attacked by NK cells. E) the body cells are healthy.

B) an antigen-presenting cell has engulfed and is processing an antigen.*

80) The complement system works closely with and complements the action of A) interferons. B) antibodies. C) pyrogens. D) phagocytes. E) microphages.

B) antibodies.*

117) The various classes of immunoglobulins are differentiated on the basis of their A) asymmetry. B) antigen specificity. C) light-chain variable segments. D) heavy-chain constant segments. E) reactivity.

B) antigen specificity.*

154) The production of autoantibodies generally causes A) allergic reactions. B) autoimmune diseases. C) immunodeficiency diseases. D) allergic reactions and immunodeficiency diseases. E) a normal immune response.

B) autoimmune diseases.*

26) The thoracic duct originates from an expanded chamber called the A) thoracic sinus. B) cisterna chyli. C) thoracic trunk. D) hilum. E) thoracic ventricle.

B) cisterna chyli.*

105) CD8 markers are to ________ T cells as CD4 markers are to ________ T cells. A) suppressor; cytoxic B) cytoxic; helper C) helper; suppressor D) NK; cytoxic E) plasma; NK

B) cytoxic; helper*

72) The movement of phagocytes through the capillary wall is called A) chemotaxis. B) diapedesis. C) adherens. D) transcytosis. E) diffusion.

B) diapedesis.*

73) The attraction or repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called A) polarity. B) diapedesis. C) cytotoxicity. D) infection. E) chemotaxis.

B) diapedesis.*

18) Dividing lymphocytes can be found in the ________ of the lymphatic nodule. A) sinus regions B) germinal center C) cortical layer D) capsular space E) stroma

B) germinal center*

101) When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a ________ cell. A) plasma B) helper T C) NK D) suppressor T E) cytotoxic T

B) helper T*

151) In a(n) ________, either the immune system fails to develop normally or the immune response is blocked. A) autoimmune disease B) immunodeficiency disease C) allergic response D) cross-reaction E) agglutination reaction

B) immunodeficiency disease*

74) Cytokines that make a cell and its neighbors resistant to virus infection are called A) complement. B) interferons. C) interleukins. D) immunoglobulins. E) transferrins.

B) interferons.*

13) Which class of cells is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen? A) T lymphocytes B) macrophages C) B lymphocytes D) neutrophils E) Natural Killer cells

B) macrophages*

59) Various types of macrophages are derived from A) lymphocytes. B) monocytes. C) neutrophils. D) eosinophils. E) basophils.

B) monocytes.*

87) Immunity that results from antibodies that pass through the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity. A) naturally acquired active B) naturally acquired passive C) artificially acquired active D) artificially acquired passive E) innate

B) naturally acquired passive*

28) Specialized lymphatic capillaries called lacteals are A) located primarily in the large intestine. B) necessary for the transport of dietary lipids. C) part of the fenestrated capillary group. D) more numerous than blood capillaries. E) located throughout the body.

B) necessary for the transport of dietary lipids.*

76) NK cells use ________ to lyse abnormal cells. A) pyrogen B) perforin C) interferon D) complement E) phagocytosis

B) perforin*

57) The release of endogenous pyrogen (or interleukin-1) by active macrophages would A) cause inflammation. B) produce a fever. C) activate complement. D) opsonize pathogens. E) activate antibodies.

B) produce a fever.*

143) Autoantibodies are A) produced by activated T cells. B) produced during an allergic reaction. C) directed against the body's own antigens. D) the first step in immunological competence. E) important in tissue rejection reactions.

B) produced during an allergic reaction.*

136) When antigens bind to inactive B cells and are brought into the cell by endocytosis to be displayed on the Class II MHC proteins this results in ________ of the B cells. A) activation B) sensitization C) co-stimulation D) cloning E) division

B) sensitization*

3) The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except A) lymphatic vessels. B) the venae cavae. C) the spleen. D) lymph nodes. E) lymph.

B) the venae cavae.*

7) Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the A) right lymphatic duct. B) thoracic duct. C) cisterna chyli. D) hepatic portal vein

B) thoracic duct.*

51) T is to ________ as B is to ________. A) top-located; bottom-located B) thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived C) thyroid-drawn; bowel-developed D) non-thymus-dependent; bottom-located E) trabeculae-descended; bursa-origin

B) thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived*

2) The lymphatic system does all of the following except A) helps maintain normal blood volume. B) transports gases to and away from lymph nodes. C) eliminates variations in the composition of interstitial fluid. D) transports lipids from the digestive tract. E) fights infection.

B) transports gases to and away from lymph nodes.*

108) Hormones that slow tumor growth are called A) transferrins. B) tumor necrosis factors. C) interferons. D) radiation agents. E) chemotherapins.

B) tumor necrosis factors.*

119) Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM.

C) IgE.*

10) ________ are clusters of lymphatic nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine. A) Tonsils B) Adenoids C) Peyer's patches D) Immune complexes E) Lymph glands

C) Peyer's patches*

24) If the thymus shrank and stopped making thymosins, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of A) B lymphocytes. B) NK cells. C) T cells. D) neutrophils. E) red blood cells.

C) T cells.*

14) Lymphatic organs differ from lymphatic tissues in what way? A) They contain T lymphocytes and lymphatic tissues do not. B) They are found in the digestive tract and lymphatic tissues are found in the thorax. C) They are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphatic tissues are not. D) They cannot produce antibodies, whereas lymphatic tissues can. E) They occur throughout the body except in the head.

C) They are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphatic tissues are not.*

134) The process by which antibodies bind to the antigen on the surface of cells, forming large immune complexes, is called A) opsonization. B) activation. C) agglutination. D) precipitation. E) neutralization.

C) agglutination.*

144) Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are A) immunodeficiency diseases. B) autoimmune diseases. C) allergies. D) the result of stress. E) signs of a weak immune system.

C) allergies.*

142) Newborns gain their immunity initially from A) early immunizations during routine neo-natal check-ups. B) contact with viruses and bacteria. C) antibodies passed across the placenta from the mother. D) contact with siblings. E) breast milk.

C) antibodies passed across the placenta from the mother.*

129) The portions of an antigen to which antibodies bind are the A) active sites. B) reactive sites. C) antigenic determinant sites. D) antibody active sites. E) antigen activation segments.

C) antigenic determinant sites.*

1) The primary function of the lymphatic system is A) the transport of hormones. B) circulation of nutrients and dissolved gases. C) defending the body against both external and internal threats. D) the production and distribution of plasma proteins. E) the production and maturation of leukocytes.

C) defending the body against both external and internal threats.*

102) Helper T cells do all of the following except A) trigger B-cell division, plasma cell maturation, and antibody production. B) provide a rapid response to a future exposure to the antigen. C) enhance production of memory and cytotoxic T cells. D) attract macrophages to the affected area. E) enhance nonspecific defenses.

C) enhance production of memory and cytotoxic T cells.*

122) B cells are primarily activated by the activities of A) antigens. B) antibodies. C) helper T cells. D) macrophages. E) plasma cells.

C) helper T cells.*

97) Cells that help regulate the immune response are ________ cells. A) B B) plasma C) helper T D) cytotoxic T E) NK

C) helper T*

109) Martha had a heart transplant. In order to keep her body from rejecting the transplant she takes A) aspirin. B) antacids. C) immunosuppressive drugs. D) anti-rheumatic drugs. E) anti-histamines.

C) immunosuppressive drugs.*

146) Infection with the HIV virus occurs through A) eating contaminated food. B) airborne droplets from coughs and sneezes. C) intimate contact with an infected person's body fluids. D) casual contact with an infected individual. E) sharing clothes with an infected individual.

C) intimate contact with an infected person's body fluids.*

115) All of the following are true of the primary response of humoral immunity except that A) it depends on antigen triggering the appropriate B cell. B) it requires B cell differentiation into plasma cells. C) it depends on memory B cells. D) circulating antibodies undergo a gradual, sustained rise. E) it peaks 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure.

C) it depends on memory B cells.*

56) An inflammatory response is triggered when A) red blood cells release pyrogens. B) T cells release interferon. C) mast cells release histamine and heparin. D) neutrophils phagocytize bacteria. E) blood flow to an area increases.

C) mast cells release histamine and heparin.*

69) Fixed macrophages that are found in the central nervous system are called A) astrocytes. B) oligodendrocytes. C) microglia. D) Kupffer cells. E) ventricular macrophages.

C) microglia.*

90) Hormones of the immune system include all of the following except A) interleukins. B) interferons. C) natriuretic factor. D) thymosins. E) tumor necrosis factor.

C) natriuretic factor.*

21) Stem cells that can form all types of lymphocytes are concentrated in the A) circulation. B) thymus. C) red bone marrow. D) spleen. E) yellow marrow.

C) red bone marrow.*

48) Lymphocytes A) are actively phagocytic. B) destroy red blood cells. C) respond to antigens. D) are primarily found in red bone marrow. E) decrease in number during infection.

C) respond to antigens.*

31) The primary lymphoid tissues include A) the bone marrow. B) the thymus. C) the bone marrow and thymus. D) the lymph nodes and tonsils. E) the bone marrow, thymus, spleen and lymph nodes.

C) the bone marrow and thymus.*

78) Cancer cells can be detected by NK cells when they show A) interferons. B) complement proteins. C) tumor-specific antigens. D) opsonization. E) CD4 markers.

C) tumor-specific antigens.*

65) The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the protein C1 binds to A) the cell wall of bacteria. B) the plasma membrane of bacteria. C) two antibodies attached to an antigen. D) a cell surface antigen. E) a plasma protein.

C) two antibodies attached to an antigen.*

12) Areas of the spleen that contain large aggregations of lymphocytes are known as A) Peyer's patches. B) adenoids. C) white pulp.* D) red pulp. E) lymph nodes.

C) white pulp.*

118) Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM.

D) IgG.*

70) ________ are fixed macrophages found in the liver. A) Astrocytes B) Oligodendrocytes C) Microglia D) Kupffer cells E) Ventricular macrophages

D) Kupffer cells

91) ________ cells enable the immune system to respond quickly and robustly if the same antigen is encountered a second time. A) Secondary B) Primary C) Memory D) Responder E) Transponder

D) Responder*

20) Which of the following statements about lymph flow in a node is false? A) Lymph enters in an afferent lymphatic. B) Lymph first enters the subcapsular space. C) Lymph flows past dendritic cells. D) The efferent lymphatic exits at the hilum. E) The afferent lymphatic enters at the hilum.

D) The efferent lymphatic exits at the hilum.*

92) ________ exists when the immune system does not respond to a particular antigen. A) Immunity B) Memory C) Adaptation D) Tolerance E) Versatility

D) Tolerance*

153) Antigens that trigger allergic reactions are called A) interferons. B) microbes. C) pyrogens. D) allergens. E) agglutinins.

D) allergens.*

43) A substance that provokes an immune response is called an A) immunoglobulin. B) antihistamine. C) antibody. D) antigen. E) allopath.

D) antigen.*

104) In order for a lymphocyte to respond to an antigen, the antigen must A) be phagocytized by the lymphocyte. B) enter the cytoplasm of the lymphocyte. C) bind to the DNA of the lymphocyte. D) bind to specific receptors on the lymphocyte surface. E) depolarize the lymphocyte.

D) bind to specific receptors on the lymphocyte surface.*

124) Which of the following is not a property of an IgG heavy chain? A) has one constant segment B) has one variable segment C) binds one light chain D) binds antigen at both ends E) binds complement in the constant region

D) binds antigen at both ends*

55) Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection except A) body hair. B) epithelium. C) secretions. D) complement. E) basement membranes.

D) complement.*

45) The cells directly responsible for cellular immunity are the ________ cells. A) dendritic B) plasma C) helper T D) cytotoxic T E) suppressor T

D) cytotoxic T*

47) Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells. A) plasma B) B C) helper T D) cytotoxic T E) suppressor T

D) cytotoxic T*

99) When an antigen is bound to a Class I MHC molecule, it can stimulate a ________ cell. A) B B) plasma C) helper T D) cytotoxic T E) NK

D) cytotoxic T*

106) Antigen-presenting cells located in the epithelia of the skin are called A) keratinocytes. B) squamous macrophages. C) germinative cells. D) dendritic cells. E) Merkel cells.

D) dendritic cells.*

137) Partial antigens that do not cause B cell activation alone are called A) complete antigens. B) immunoglobulins. C) mature antigens. D) haptens. E) short chains.

D) haptens.*

156) All of the following are characteristics of anaphylaxis except A) the first exposure does not always lead to a reaction. B) IgE antibodies are produced. C) symptoms include capillary dilation, airway constriction, pain and itching. D) helper T cells are destroyed. E) sensitized mast cells and basophils are stimulated upon each exposure to an allergen.

D) helper T cells are destroyed.*

145) The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes the disease known as AIDS selectively infects ________ cells. A) B B) plasma C) cytotoxic T D) helper T E) suppressor T

D) helper T*

79) Interferons A) prevent viruses from leaving a cell. B) prevent viruses from entering a cell. C) bind to viruses and destroy them. D) interfere with viral replication. E) reduce macrophage chemotaxis to the infection.

D) interfere with viral replication.*

107) Hormones that regulate the activity of B cells and T cells and enhance nonspecific defense are called A) calcitriol. B) glucocorticoids. C) mineralocorticoids. D) interleukins. E) immunoglobulins.

D) interleukins.*

36) The lymphoid organ that acts like a filter as lymph passes through is A) appendix. B) tonsils. C) adenoids. D) lymph nodes. E) thymus.

D) lymph nodes.*

30) An accumulation of lymph in a region where lymphatic drainage has been blocked is called A) lymphopenia. B) lymphadenopathy. C) lymphoma. D) lymphedema. E) lymphosis.

D) lymphedema.*

68) The phagocytic antigen-presenting cells belong to the ________ group. A) tumor-suppressing B) complement C) interferon D) monocyte-macrophage E) lymphatic

D) monocyte-macrophage*

157) Changes in the immune system that accompany aging include all of the following except A) T cells becoming less responsive to antigens. B) fewer cytotoxic T cells responding to infections. C) decreased numbers of T helper cells. D) more efficient secondary responses. E) B cells are less responsive.

D) more efficient secondary responses.*

113) During a primary humoral response to antigens all of the following occur except A) B cells may differentiate into plasma cells immediately. B) B cells may undergo several rounds of mitosis before producing plasma cells and memory cells. C) antibody levels do not peak until 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure. D) neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances. E) the first immunoglobulins to appear in circulation are of the IgM type.

D) neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances.*

64) The effects of activating the complement system include all of the following except A) destruction of target cell plasma membranes. B) stimulation of inflammation. C) inhibition of the immune response. D) opsonization. E) chemotaxis.

D) opsonization.*

67) The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the A) T cells. B) B cells. C) NK cells. D) phagocytes. E) plasma cells.

D) phagocytes.*

83) Cytotoxic T cells can attack target cells with which of the following chemical weapons? A) secrete strong acid B) secrete organic solvent C) secrete free radicals D) secrete a cytokine that triggers apoptosis E) secrete mutant proteins that get incorporated into the target's DNA

D) secrete a cytokine that triggers apoptosis*

94) T cells and B cells destroy one antigen without affecting other antigens or normal tissues, this is termed A) memory. B) versatility. C) tolerance. D) specificity. E) antigen processing.

D) specificity.*

32) Which of the following is not a secondary lymphoid tissue or organ? A) spleen B) tonsils C) MALT D) thymus E) lymph nodes

D) thymus*

123) In IgG, the antigen binding site is formed by the A) variable segment of the light chain. B) variable segment of the heavy chain. C) constant segment of the heavy chain. D) variable segments of both the light and heavy chains. E) ionized segment of the light chain and the isotropic segment of the heavy chain.

D) variable segments of both the light and heavy chains.*

121) Immunoglobulins, formed of five subunits, that are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection, are A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM.

E) IgM.*

16) Lymphatic capillaries are known for all of the following except A) being the starting point of the lymphatic circulation. B) being the smallest lymphatic vessels. C) having larger diameters and looser walls than blood capillaries. D) having shingle-like endothelial cells. E) allowing nutrient and gas exchange.

E) allowing nutrient and gas exchange.*

54) The body's innate defenses include all of the following except A) the skin. B) complement. C) interferon. D) inflammation. E) antibodies.

E) antibodies.*

88) In passive immunity, the A) immune system attacks normal body cells. B) body is deliberately exposed to an antigen. C) body receives antibodies produced by other humans. D) body receives antibodies produced by an animal. E) body receives antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal.

E) body receives antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal.*

58) Microphages include A) monocytes. B) Kupffer cells. C) neutrophils. D) eosinophils. E) both neutrophils and eosinophils.

E) both neutrophils and eosinophils.*

27) The ________ lymphatics leave the lymph node at the hilum. A) ascending B) lateral C) afferent D) descending E) efferent

E) efferent*

37) The blood-thymus barrier is made up of A) immature T cells. B) mature T cells. C) macrophages. D) plasma cells. E) epithelial reticular cells.

E) epithelial reticular cells.*

128) Another term for antibodies is A) cytokines. B) cytosolic factors. C) interleukins. D) interferons. E) immunoglobulins.

E) immunoglobulins.*

82) Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity. A) active B) natural passive C) passive D) auto E) innate

E) innate*

60) Plasma contains ________ special proteins that form the complement system. A) about 3 B) exactly 10 C) roughly 18 D) exactly 25 E) more than 30

E) more than 30*

133) The process by which soluble antigens combine with antibodies to form insoluble immune complexes is called A) opsonization. B) activation. C) agglutination. D) precipitation. E) neutralization.

E) neutralization.*

84) All of the following are characteristics of adaptive defenses except A) versatility. B) tolerance. C) memory. D) specificity. E) present at birth.

E) present at birth.*

5) Lymph nodes do all of the following except A) produce antibodies through B cells. B) monitor the contents of lymph. C) remove debris and pathogens from the lymph. D) accumulate cancer cells. E) remove excess nutrients from the lymph.

E) remove excess nutrients from the lymph.*

141) Which is not a way that antigen-antibody complexes may cause elimination of the antigen? A) opsonization B) enhancing phagocytosis C) activation of complement D) neutralization E) sensitization

E) sensitization*

95) Interleukins do all of the following except A) increase T-cell sensitivity to antigens exposed on macrophage membranes. B) stimulate B-cell activity, plasma cell formation, and antibody production. C) stimulate inflammation. D) elevate body temperature. E) stimulate collagen synthesis.

E) stimulate collagen synthesis.*

131) A measure of antibody level in the plasma is A) the primary response. B) the secondary response. C) antigen concentration. D) body temperature. E) the antibody titer.

E) the antibody titer.*

15) T Lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following except A) the thymus. B) lymphatic nodules. C) lymph node organs. D) the spleen. E) the brain.

E) the brain.*

114) All of the following are true of the secondary response of humoral immunity except that it A) depends on memory B cells. B) results in much higher antibody titers than in the primary response. C) results in much quicker rise in antibody titers. D) produces more effective antibodies. E) weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two.

E) weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two.*