Chapter 22 - HW assignment
The formation of sperm cells (spermatogenesis) occurs in the _____. The resulting cells mature into sperm cells in the _____
seminiferous tubules; epididymis
What are gametes?
sex cells produced by the reproductive organs
A cross-over in meiosis is an exchange of genetic material between what structures?
chromatids of homologous chromosomes
Which of the structures would be scar tissue?
corpus albicans
After ovulation, the remnant of the follicle goes through what changes (assuming fertilization did not occur)?
corpus luteum to corpus albicans
In males, testosterone is converted to ______, which then stimulates cells of the prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and external accessory organs.
dihydrotestosterone
Spermatogenesis occurs in the
seminiferous tubules
Of the cells undergoing spermatogenesis, which have 46 chromosomes?
spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes
List the correct order of cell stages in spermatogenesis
spermatogonium → primary spermatocyte → secondary spermatocyte
During the female reproductive cycle, what triggers ovulation?
surge in blood levels of luteinizing hormone
Of the various classes of birth control methods, what is the most effective?
surgical intervention
What structures help support the breast tissue?
suspensory ligament
prior to ovulation, follicle progresses through what stages
primordial, primary, secondary, mature
The development, maintenance, and regulation of the male and female reproductive systems are the functions of:
reproductive hormones
Name the first haploid cells (with 23 chromosomes) produced during spermatogenesis
secondary spermatocyte
During sperm development, the process of meiosis 1 results in cells called
secondary spermatocytes
A patient presents with low semen volume. In addition, he has a decrease in sperm motility due to a decrease in nutrients that supply energy to power the flagella. Which of the phone accessory glance of the protective system may be malfunctioning?
seminal vesicle
Define synapsis
Pairing of homologous chromosomes
A diaphragm or a condom used with spermicide are examples of ________ methods of birth control.
barrier
Describe the chromosome number before and after meiosis ll
1N—>1N
Describe the chromosome number before and after the fist meiosis division (meiosis 1)
2N—-> 1N
During the female reproductive cycle, what triggers menstruation?
A decrease in blood levels of estrogens and progesterone
The anterior pituitary releases two gonadotropins that target the testes; ______ promotes the development of cells that secrete testosterone and _____ stimulates cells that will give rise to sperm cells
LH; FHS
Describe the fate of each spermatid.
It differentiates into a sperm cell.
What is the definition of capacitation?
Weakening of the acrosomal membrane, conferring on the sperm the ability to fertilize an egg.
What is the theca?
a capsule around a follicle
During spermatogenesis, a spermatogonium divided by mitosis to produce
a spermatogonium and a primary spermatocyte
Within the mammary glands, milk is produced by _____ glands.
alveolar
In the presence of the hormones ______ and testosterone, substentacular cells stimulate the spermatogenic cells to undergo spematogenesis, giving rise to sperm cells
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Where does a corpus luteum form?
from a follicle that ovulated an oocyte
What disease is caused by the human papilloma virus?
genital warts
Name the cells surrounding an oocyte
granulosa cells
The corona radiate consists of
granulosa cells
Beginning at puberty, primary oocytes continue meiosis. The resulting cells are secondary oocytes (future egg cells) in which the original chromosomes number is
halved
When homologous chromosomes are paired up during the first meiotic division (meiosis 1), they may trade segments, forming new combinations of genetic material. What is this called?
homologous recombination
What cells produce androgens (including) testosterone?
interstitial cells of the testes
On the day 14 of the reproductive cycle, an oocyte is ovulates from what structure?
mature follicle
What period of time is defined by the cessation of the reproductive cycle?
menopause
What is the name of the process that results in the formation of the female gametes by meiosis?
oogenesis
What is the process of egg formation called?
oogenesis
Although mammary glands in males and females are similar, the development of mammary glands is different in males and females. Why?
ovarian hormones stimulate development of mammary glands in females
In a nonpregnant female, what is the primary source of estrogens and progesterone?
ovaries
In erectile tissue, impulses from the _____ nervous system cause _____ of the arteries and subsequent ____ of the veins. Consequently, blood accumulated in the erectile tissue, producing an erection.
parasympathetic; dilation; constriction
A condition called ___, in which bacteria spread throughout the reproductive organs, can result from gonorrheal of chlamydial infections.
pelvic inflammatory disease
How do birth control methods that involve the women receiving a combination of estrogen and progestin (as the "pill" or as a patch, ring, or injection) function as birth control?
preventing development, ovulation, or implantation of an oocyte
What is the definition of contraception?
the prevention of pregnancy
Describe the four daughter cells produces by the process of meiosis
they have one of each homologous pair of chromosomes found in the parent cell
