Chapter 22: Introduction to Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Physiology

e

8. The partial pressure of any given gas a. is the individual pressure exerted by the gas in a gas mixture. b. can be calculated from the universal gas law. c. is independent of any other gas present. d. Both a and b e. All of the above

b

8. Which of the following statements regarding the water beetle is true? a. Because the bubble is pure oxygen, it allows the beetle to remain under water for long periods of time. b. As oxygen in the bubble is used up, oxygen diffuses from the water into the bubble. c. As CO2 in the bubble increases, it causes oxygen to enter the bubble more readily. d. As the beetle dives, the increase in pressure drives oxygen into the beetle. e. The nitrogen in the bubble is responsible for maintaining the oxygen concentration.

c

10. According to the universal gas law, _______ is (are) inversely proportional to the partial pressure. a. moles of gas b. temperature c. volume d. Both a and b e. All of the above

d

12. If the total pressure was 2 atm, the partial pressure of CO2 would be _______ atm. a. 0.04 b. 0.08 c. 0.0004 d. 0.0008 e. 4

c

24. If a water beetle has been using an air bubble as a gill for 1 hour, the O2 partial pressure will be _______ that of air and the N2 partial pressure will be _______ that of air. a. less than; less than b. equal to; equal to c. less than; equal to d. greater than; greater than e. None of the above

e

25. In which one of the following situations would a water beetle's gas bubble last the shortest amount of time as a functional gill? a. Gas bubble = 0.1 atm O2, 0.75 atm N2; water = 0.21 atm of O2 b. Gas bubble = 0.2 atm O2, 0.75 atm N2; water = 0.21 atm of O2 c. Gas bubble = 0.1 atm O2, 0.75 atm N2; water = 0.1 atm of O2 d. Gas bubble = 0.2 atm O2, 0.75 atm N2; water = 0.1 atm of O2 e. Gas bubble = 1 atm O2; water = 0.21 atm of O2

c

30. In the diffusion equation, a. J represents permeability. b. permeability is integrated into P1-P2. c. permeability is integrated into K. d. P1-P2 represents permeability. e. X represents permeability.

c

35. If the diameter of the body of a larval fish exceeded _______, diffusion alone would not be able to meet the demands of its oxygen consumption. a. 0.1 mm b. 0.5 mm c. 1.0 mm d. 5 mm e. 1 cm

b

36. The process that occurs when a gas mixture or an aqueous solution flows and gas molecules in the gas or liquid phase are carried from place to place by the fluid flow is called a. diffusion. b. convection. c. tidal flow. d. permeability. e. partial pressure.

a

5. The strength of a chemical substance's tendency to undergo a physical or chemical change is called a. its chemical potential. b. diffusion. c. its partial pressure. d. the universal gas law. e. its potential energy.

e

5. _______ is the law that relates partial pressure and concentration in aqueous solutions. a. The universal gas law b. The partial pressure law c. The gas solubility law d. Krogh's law e. Henry's law

d

1. The respiratory gas(es) is (are) a. oxygen. b. carbon dioxide. c. nitrogen. d. Both a and b e. All of the above

c

1. Which of the following are respiratory gases or chemical forms of respiratory gases? 1) O2 2) O3 3) CO2 4) HCO3- 5) N2 6) NO a. 1, 2, and 3 b. 1, 2, 3, and 4 c. 1, 3, and 4 d. 1, 3, 4, 5, and 6 e. 1, 3, and 6

b

10. Which of the following statements regarding gas diffusion is true? a. Gases diffuse only slightly faster through the gas phase than through aqueous solutions. b. Gases diffuse many times faster through the gas phase than through aqueous solutions. c. Gases diffuse at equal rates through the gas phase and aqueous solutions. d. Gases diffuse only slightly slower through the gas phase than through aqueous solutions. e. Gases diffuse many times slower through the gas phase than through aqueous solutions.

a

11. According to the data in the figure, the partial pressures at sea level total a. 1 atm. b. 0.5 atm. c. 100%. d. 1 kPa. e. 22.4 L

a

11. Which of the following statements regarding oxygen in a solution becoming bound to hemoglobin is true? a. Oxygen that is bound to hemoglobin does not contribute to the oxygen partial pressure. b. Oxygen that is bound to hemoglobin contributes the same amount to partial pressure as when it is dissolved in solution. c. Oxygen that is bound to hemoglobin contributes more to partial pressure than when it is dissolved in solution. d. Oxygen that is bound to hemoglobin increases the partial pressure of CO2. e. Oxygen that is bound to hemoglobin does not change the partial pressure of oxygen.

e

12. As a gas mixture or an aqueous solution flows, gas molecules in the gas or liquid are carried from place to place by a. permeability. b. tidal flow. c. diffusion. d. evaporation. e. convection.

b

16. Suppose that at a temperature of 25 °C and pressure of 1 atm, all the O2 is removed from 10 L of dry atmospheric air and the remaining gas is restored to the original temperature and pressure. The final volume will be a. 10 L. b. about 7.9 L. c. about 5 L. d. about 2.1 L. e. impossible to calculate with the information given.

a

16. Which of the following O2 partial pressure values would you expect to find in the ambient air (AA), arterial blood (AB), and systemic capillary blood (SCB) of an animal? a. AA = 150 mm Hg; AB = 100 mm Hg; SCB = 70 mm Hg b. AA = 150 mm Hg; AB = 70 mm Hg; SCB = 100 mm Hg c. AA = 100 mm Hg; AB = 150 mm Hg; SCB = 70 mm Hg d. AA = 70 mm Hg; AB = 100 mm Hg; SCB = 70 mm Hg e. AA = 70 mm Hg; AB = 100 mm Hg; SCB = 150 mm Hg

b

17. At standard conditions of temperature and pressure (STP), a. 1 mg of gas occupies 22.4 L. b. 1 mole of gas occupies 22.4 L. c. 22.4 moles of gas occupies 1 L. d. 22.4 grams of gas occupies 1 L. e. 1 mole of gas occupies varying volumes.

a

17. Suppose that two gas mixtures are identical in temperature.The concentration of O2 in mixture #1 is 20 mmol/L and the concentration of O2 in mixture #2 is 60 mmol/L. Which of the following statements about these mixtures is true? a. The partial pressure of O2 in mixture #2 is three times higher than it is in mixture #1. b. The partial pressure of O2 in mixture #2 is 3 times lower than it is in mixture #1. c. The percent of O2 in mixture #2 is three times higher than it is in mixture #1. d. The partial pressures and percentages of O2 in both mixtures are the same. e. The partial pressures of O2 in both mixtures are the same.

a

18. Henry's law relates _______ in aqueous solutions. a. partial pressure and concentration b. partial pressure and volume c. pressure and volume d. pressure, volume, and temperature e. temperature and concentration

c

18. Which of the following statements regarding air and water is false? a. Water is denser than air. b. Water is more viscous than air. c. Air-breathing animals generally expend more energy ventilating than water-breathing animals. d. Per unit volume, water holds less oxygen than air. e. Temperature affects the oxygen solubility in water more than it does in air.

c

19. If the percentage of oxygen in air at sea level is 20.95%, what is the percentage of oxygen in air at the top of Mount Everest? a. Much higher than 20.95% b. Slightly higher than 20.95% c. The same—20.95% d. Slightly lower than 20.95% e. Much lower than 20.95%

b

19. The _______ of a particular gas in a mixture is the dissolved concentration of that gas when the partial pressure is 1 atm. a. gas tension b. absorption coefficient c. volume fractional concentration d. density e. chemical potential

b

2. From the list below, choose the correct order of "physiological urgency" for each element in a given terrestrial animal, beginning with the most urgent. i) The need for water ii) The need to void CO2 iii) The need to obtain oxygen iv) The need for food a. i, iii, ii, iv b. iii, ii, i, iv c. ii, iii, i, iv d. ii, iii, iv, i e. iv, ii, iii, i

b

2. In diffusion, materials tend to move in net fashion from regions of a. high solubility to regions of low solubility. b. high chemical potential to regions of low chemical potential. c. low solubility to regions of high solubility. d. low chemical potential to regions of high chemical potential. e. low partial pressure to regions of high partial pressure.

c

20. Which of the following organisms use CO2 during the day? a. Fungi b. Animals c. Plants d. Bacteria e. Both a and c

e

20. Which of the following statements about gases dissolved in aqueous solutions is true? a. Different gases have different solubilities. b. Gas solubilities decrease strongly with increasing temperature. c. Gas solubilities decrease with increasing salinity. d. Both a and b e. All of the above

b

21. Which of the following scenarios will result in dissolved gas coming out of solution? 1) Collecting cold creek water, sealing the container, and allowing the solution to warm 2) Collecting warm water, sealing the container, and allowing the solution to cool 3) Collecting cold creek water, adding salt, sealing the container, and allowing the solution to warm 4) Collecting cold creek water, adding salt, sealing the container, and keeping the solution at the original temperature a. 1, 2, and 3 b. 1, 3, and 4 c. 2, 3, and 4 d. 3 and 4 e. Each of the scenarios will result in dissolved gas coming out of solution.

e

22. Which of the following statements regarding the diffusion of gases is false? a. Within gas mixtures, gases diffuse in net fashion from areas of relatively high partial pressure to areas of relatively low partial pressure. b. Within aqueous solutions, gases diffuse in net fashion from areas of relatively high partial pressure to areas of relatively low partial pressure. c. Across gas‒water interfaces, gases diffuse in net fashion from areas of relatively high partial pressure to areas of relatively low partial pressure. d. Gases can diffuse from low to high concentration. e. All of the above are true.

a

23. If a water beetle has used up half of the oxygen in its air bubble, the concentration of oxygen in the bubble is _______ the concentration of oxygen in the water. The partial pressure of oxygen in the bubble is _______ the partial pressure of oxygen in the water. Therefore, oxygen _______. a. greater than; less than; will move from the water into the bubble b. less than; less than; will move from the bubble into the water c. less than; less than; will move from the water into the bubble d. greater than; less than; will move from the bubble into the water e. equal to; equal to; is at equilibrium between the bubble and the water

c

26. A scuba diver remaining at a depth of 50 m for a significant amount of time needs to worry about the possible effects of which gas when he or she ascends? a. Oxygen b. Carbon dioxide c. Nitrogen d. Helium e. Nitric oxide

e

27. The "bends" refers to a physiological condition sustained by a scuba diver in which a. carbon dioxide gas matches the partial pressure of oxygen due to a dive that lasts too long at a deep depth. b. oxygen gas is too concentrated in the blood due to a dive that lasts too long at a deep depth. c. nitrogen gas is too concentrated in the blood due to a dive that lasts too long at a deep depth. d. oxygen gas comes out of solution in the blood due to a rapid ascent. e. nitrogen gas comes out of solution in the blood due to a rapid ascent.

a

28. In the diffusion equation, if the units of K are cm2 ∙ s-1, which of the following best represents the units for J? a. moles ∙ cm-2 ∙ s-1 b. M ∙ cm ∙ s c. moles ∙ sec-1 d. M ∙ g-1 ∙ cm-2 e. M ∙ cm2 ∙ s

b

29. In the diffusion equation, when X increases, a. J increases. b. J decreases. c. J is not affected. d. J and X are not related e. J can increase or decrease.

c

3. If the partial pressures of nitrogen, argon, and CO2 are 0.7808, 0.0093, and 0.0004 atm respectively, in air at 1 atm, what is the partial pressure of the oxygen in this air? a. 0.2095% b. 20.95% c. 0.2095 atm d. 20.95 atm e. 1 atm

d

3. Respiratory gases move from place to place principally by a. diffusion. b. convection. c. active transport. d. Both a and b e. All of the above

e

31. The Krogh diffusion coefficient (K) for O2 in air is _______ K for O2 in water. a. slightly greater than b. slightly lower than c. equal to d. about 200,000 times lower than e. about 200,000 times greater than

c

32. The eggs of which of the following animals would most likely have the data profile in the figure? a. Robin b. Bald eagle c. Snapping turtle d. Bullfrog e. Largemouth bass

b

33. According to the figure, what was the most likely cause of the zeroing of oxygen partial pressure in the nest? a. The eggs grew rapidly and used up the available oxygen. b. The nest was flooded with water. c. An algal bloom rapidly used up the available oxygen. d. The eggs hatched and rapidly used up the available oxygen. e. The nest caved in and was sealed.

a

34. Which of the following contributes to a respiratory gas partial pressure in solution? 1) O2 2) CO2 3) O2 bound to hemoglobin 4) HCO3- dissolved in plasma a. 1 and 2 b. 1, 2, and 3 c. 1, 2, and 4 d. 3 and 4 e. 1, 2, 3, and 4

d

37. The principle process(es) by which animals use convection to transport gases is (are) a. ventilation. b. the pumping of blood. c. digestion. d. Both a and b e. All of the above

e

38. The rate of convective gas transport depends on a. the partial pressure of a particular gas in solution. b. the rate of fluid flow. c. the total concentration of gas in the fluid. d. Both a and b e. Both b and c

d

39. The movement of water across a fish gill is a good example of a. diffusion. b. permeability. c. tidal flow. d. unidirectional flow. e. Henry's law.

a

4. Consider two gas mixtures at the same temperature. If the concentration of CO2 in Mixture A is 10 mmol/L and the concentration of CO2 in Mixture B is 30 mmol/L, which of the following is true? a. The partial pressure of CO2 in Mixture B is 3 times as high as in Mixture A. b. The partial pressure of CO2 in Mixture B is 3 times lower compared to Mixture A. c. The percent of CO2 in Mixture B is 3 times as high as in Mixture A. d. The partial pressure of CO2 is the same in both mixtures. e. The percent of CO2 is the same in both mixtures.

d

4. The diffusion of an uncharged solute in aqueous solution a. always diffuses from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration. b. will diffuse at a rate proportional to the difference in concentration between regions. c. involves a passive diffusion component as well as an active diffusion component. d. Both a and b e. All of the above

d

40. What process(es) is (are) occurring in the figure? a. Diffusion b. Convection c. Active transport d. Both a and b e. All of the above

e

41. Which of the following correctly matches the process with the numerical label? a. 1 = diffusion; 2 = diffusion; 3 = convection; 4 = diffusion b. 1 = convection; 2 = convection; 3 = convection; 4 = diffusion c. 1 = convection; 2 = diffusion; 3 = diffusion; 4 = diffusion d. 1 = diffusion; 2 = convection; 3 = diffusion; 4 = convection e. 1 = convection; 2 = diffusion; 3 = convection; 4 = diffusion

d

42. At what point(s) in the figure is the partial pressure of oxygen the lowest? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. 2 and 4

b

43. Which of the following have the most similar O2 partial pressures? a. Ambient air and alveolar gas b. Alveolar gas and arterial blood c. Arterial blood and average systemic capillary blood d. Average systemic capillary blood and mitochondria e. Both c and d

b

44. Oxygen enters the mitochondria a. by diffusion, at a rate that is dependent on the flow of the oxygenated capillary blood. b. by diffusion, at a rate that is dependent on the difference in O2 partial pressure between the blood systemic capillaries and the mitochondria. c. by convection, at a rate that is dependent on the difference in O2 partial pressure between the blood systemic capillaries and the mitochondria. d. by convection, at a rate that is dependent on the flow of the oxygenated capillary blood. e. None of the above

e

45. Which of the following is not a unit of pressure? a. Millimeters of mercury b. Pascals c. Pounds per square inch d. Torr e. All of the above are units of pressure.

d

46. STP refers to a. a temperature of 0°C. b. a pressure of 1 atm. c. a volume of 22.4 L. d. Both a and b e. All of the above

c

47. If 2 L of air at 0°C contains 420 mL of O2, how many mL of O2 does it contain if the air is warmed to 24°C? a. 210 mL b. 384 mL c. 420 mL d. about 600 mL e. There is not enough information to make this calculation.

c

48. If air at 0°C contains 210 mL O2 per L, how much O2 does it contain if it is heated to 24°C? a. 210 mL O2 per L b. 420 mL O2 per L c. 192 mL O2 per L d. 105 mL O2 per L e. There is not enough information to make this calculation

e

49. Which of the following has the lowest amount of O2 per L? a. Air at 120°C b. Air at -40°C c. Freshwater at 0°C d. Freshwater at 24°C e. Seawater at 40°C

a

50. Which of the following environments would be most likely to attain the most intense level of hypoxia? a. A small summer pond filled with algae b. The summit of Mount Everest c. The burrow of a black-tailed prairie dog d. The burrow of a lemming beneath the arctic snow e. A rocky substrate in a brook

d

6. What is the relationship between temperature and the solubility of gases in aqueous solutions? a. The solubility of gases in aqueous solution has an exponential relationship to temperature. b. There is no relationship between temperature and the solubility of gases in aqueous solutions. c. As temperature increases, the solubility of gases in aqueous solutions increases. d. As temperature increases, the solubility of gases in aqueous solutions decreases. e. The solubility of a gas in an aqueous solution is directly proportional to temperature.

b

6. Which of the following statements regarding the diffusion of materials between gas mixtures and aqueous solutions is false? a. Diffusion can be predicted by means of partial pressure measurements. b. Diffusion can be predicted by using concentrations. c. Respiratory gases can exist in the gas phase as well as dissolved in an aqueous solution. d. Respiratory gases can move from aqueous phase to gas phase, and vice versa. e. Each gas has a unique solubility in aqueous solution.

e

7. Gases diffuse in net fashion from areas of relatively high partial pressure to areas of relatively low partial pressure a. within gas mixtures. b. within aqueous solutions. c. across gas-water interfaces. d. Both a and b e. All of the above

d

7. Which of the following statements regarding gas mixtures in aqueous solutions is false? a. The molecules of a gas disappear when they dissolve in a solution b. When a gas dissolves in a solution, it has become incorporated into the liquid phase. c. When a gas dissolves in a solution, the molecules become distributed among the H2O molecules in much the same way as glucose molecules do. d. Gas in solution can appear as microscopic bubbles. e. When a large bubble rises to the surface of a solution, the solution is considered to be in the gas phase.

c

9. Which of the following is a constant according to the universal gas law? a. Moles of gas b. Temperature c. The universal gas constant d. Both b and c e. All of the above

d

15. In oxygen transport to the mitochondria, diffusion occurs from the a. mouth to the lungs. b. lungs to the red blood cells. c. red blood cells to the mitochondria. d. Both b and c e. All of the above

a

15. The fraction of the total moles of gas in a gas mixture is called the a. mole fractional concentration. b. volume fractional concentration. c. partial pressure. d. absorption coefficient. e. partial molarity.

a

9. During gas diffusion, as the distance between P1 and P2 increases, the a. rate of net movement decreases. b. rate of net movement increases. c. rate of net movement does not change. d. diffusion coefficient increases. e. permeability decreases.

d

13. If the total pressure was 0.5 atm, the partial pressure of O2 would be _______ atm. a. 20.95 b. 10.48 c. 0.2095 d. 0.1048 e. 0.419

e

13. Movement of air into and out of a human lung is an example of a. diffusion. b. permeability. c. Henry's law. d. unidirectional flow. e. tidal flow.

a

14. If the total pressure was 0.1 atm, the percent of O2 in the gas mixture would be _______%. a. 20.95 b. 2.095 c. 0.2095 d. 0.02095 e. 0.002095

d

14. Oxygen transport in animals occurs by a. diffusion. b. convection. c. active transport. d. Both a and b e. All of the above