Chapter 22 reading quiz

How does the fragmentation of a landscape have a positive effect on biodiversity? a. It increases the amount of edge habitat. b. It increases the number of habitat patches. c. It increases the total size of available habitat. d. It increases the amount of matrix habitat.

a. It increases the amount of edge habitat.

How has continental drift affected global patterns of biodiversity? a. The separation of continents has increased diversity. b. The breakup of Pangaea resulted in reduced diversity. c. The connection of North and South America decreased diversity in both continents. d. The distribution of species is a result of when each continent separated from Pangaea.

a. The separation of continents has increased diversity.

Why are solar energy, precipitation on land, and ocean water temperatures important in determining global patterns in biodiversity? a. They control the energy available to support species. b. They control the amount of disturbance a habitat can tolerate. c. They control the heterogeneity of habitats. d. They control the difficulty of dispersal for organisms.

a. They control the energy available to support species.

Why are corridors and habitat stepping stones important to the conservation of biodiversity? a. They reduce the negative effects of habitat fragmentation. b. They decrease the effects of predators and pathogens. c. They allow the formation of metapopulations. d. They increase the number of species that can live in the matrix habitat.

a. They reduce the negative effects of habitat fragmentation.

When viewing patterns of diversity in North America, one sees similarities between mammals and amphibians. mammals and trees. reptiles and trees. amphibians and trees.

amphibians and trees.

Evidence for MacArthur and Wilson's equilibrium theory of island biogeography has been documented with all of the following EXCEPT islands in the South Pacific near New Guinea. single Mangrove tree islands in the Florida Keys. mountain tops in the Rocky Mountains. areas of melting permafrost in the late spring through early summer in the Arctic.

areas of melting permafrost in the late spring through early summer in the Arctic.

In 1967 MacArthur and Wilson published The Theory of Island Biogeography, which put forth the idea that has become known as the species-area relationship. This relationship states that, as the area of an island increases, the number of species on the island stays the same. as the area of an island increases, the number of species on the island increases. as the area of an island increases, the number of species on the island decreases. as the area of an island decreases, the number of species on the island increases. Solved

as the area of an island increases, the number of species on the island increases.

Which conditions would you expect to support the most species? a. a large island far from the mainland b. a large island close to the mainland c. a small island far from the mainland d. a small island close to the mainland

b. a large island close to the mainland

Alpha diversity is a. the difference in number of species between two habitats. b. the number of species in a small area. c. the number of species in a large geographic area. d. the total number of species that have ever been recorded living in an area.

b. the number of species in a small area.

Which continents would you expect to have the greatest similarity among species? a. Australia and South America because of the long time they were joined b. Africa and Europe because of their formation of a biogeographic region c. North America and Europe because of their consistent connection d. Africa and South America because they were adjacent before the breakup of Pangaea

c. North America and Europe because of their consistent connection

Why is it important to consider the quality of the matrix habitat that exists between habitat fragments? a. High quality matrix habitat can decrease diversity in contained fragments. b. The quality of matrix habitat is negatively correlated with the quality of habitat fragments. c. The quality of matrix habitat affects the ability of species to disperse. d. The matrix habitat is often a secondary habitat for species in habitat fragments.

c. The quality of matrix habitat affects the ability of species to disperse.

How does knowledge of historic climate patterns affect our interpretation of present-day patterns of species diversity? a. Plant species in the Northern Hemisphere have not reached their full range due to the recent ice age. b. Warmer temperatures have caused temperate regions to expand from their historic ranges. c. Tropical regions have been limited by the increased differentiation between the poles and equator. d. The temperate climate of Pangaea resulted in high diversity in current temperate biomes.

c. Tropical regions have been limited by the increased differentiation between the poles and equator.

Which is NOT a reason that species diversity decreases while moving toward the poles in the Northern Hemisphere? a. Diversity increases as water temperatures rise. b. Increased solar radiation increases diversity. c. Increased precipitation increases diversity. d. Decreased environmental heterogeneity increases diversity.

d. Decreased environmental heterogeneity increases diversity.

The Florida Wildlife Corridor is an example of how protecting biodiversity involves all EXCEPT eliminating agriculture and ranching. working with private landowners. establishing corridors between suitable habitat types. the connecting of existing nature reserves.

eliminating agriculture and ranching.

The species‐area relationship described by MacArthur and Wilson holds for any "island" or patch of habitat surrounded by a matrix of differing habitat type. only for oceanic islands. only for habitats between 30N and 30S latitudes. only for birds and mammals, and not reptiles and amphibians.

for any "island" or patch of habitat surrounded by a matrix of differing habitat type.

The example of Lago Guri in Venezuela showed that plants are not influenced by fragmentation, only animals .fragmentation led to loss of soil fertility. fragmentation leads to declining diversity. predators are potentially influenced by fragmentation, but herbivores are not.

fragmentation leads to declining diversity.

The number of mammals increases as one moves from east to west in North America. What might be the probable cause for this observation? less vegetation in the east than west more predators in the east than west greater climatic stability in the west as opposed to the east greater habitat heterogeneity in the west as compared to the east

greater habitat heterogeneity in the west as compared to the east

In the equilibrium theory of island biogeography, isolation refers to how closely related the species are that become extinct on the island. the distance between similarly sized islands that are equally distant from the source of colonizing species. how separated the appropriate habitats are on the island under observation. how far the island is from the source of colonizing species.

how far the island is from the source of colonizing species.

When looking at marine biodiversity, we tend to see greater biodiversity in the polar regions and along coastal areas. in the tropics and along coastal areas. in the tropics and in the open ocean. in the temperate regions and the open ocean.

in the tropics and in the open ocean.

Historical geologic events and processes that have an effect on the current ecology of an area are called matrix-inducing effects. microhabitat drivers. heterogeneity drivers. legacy effects.

legacy effects.

Increasing the amounts of edge habitat associated with a fragmented forest typically causes what changes in the forest fragments? loss of some forest species decreased temperatures in the forest fragments during summer months less direct sunlight in the forest fragment slower rates of evaporation in the forest fragments

loss of some forest species

What are small, intervening patches of appropriate habitat that birds and winged insects may use to move from one large, favorable habitat to another called? habitat corridors connectivity fragments stepping stones dispersal access points

stepping stones

In MacArthur and Wilson's equilibrium theory of island biogeography, the equilibrium is reached when the rate of colonization equals the rate of extinction. the rate of extinction goes to zero. the rates of both colonization and extinction go to zero. the rate of colonization goes to zero.

the rate of colonization equals the rate of extinction.

When looking at nature reserve design, which is the best case scenario for preserving biodiversity with a number of small reserves? when the reserves are neither clustered nor connected when the reserves are clustered and connected by corridors when the reserves are clustered, yet far enough apart from each other that they act autonomously when the reserves are clustered, but unconnected by corridors, preventing predators from moving from one small reserve to another

when the reserves are clustered and connected by corridors