Chapter 22 - Reproductive System

Signs of menopause include

shrinking of the vagina, uterus, and breasts.

The process of sperm cell production (including both meiosis and development of sperm from spermatids) is called ________________

spermatogenesis

The lower one-third, or neck, of the uterus is called the:

cervix

Name the erectile organ of the female genitalia.

clitoris

The female structure that corresponds to the male penis is the ________

clitoris

Indicate which male reproductive structures produce semen.

corpus cpongiosum, testes, bulbourethral glands, urethra, prostate gland, seminal vesicles

Judy runs 50 miles a week. She and her husband have been trying to conceive for three years, with no luck. Her disturbed reproductive cycles and infertility are due to...

decreased synthesis of estrogens

In males, testosterone is converted to ______, which then stimulates cells of the prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and external accessory organs.

dihydrotestosterone

The glands in a lobe of a breast

drain into alveolar ducts, which drain into a lactiferous duct that leads to the nipple.

Semen is expelled from the urethra to the outside of the body in a process called ___________

ejaculation

The inner mucosal layer of the uterine wall is the

endometrium

A tightly coiled tube on the above and behind a testis that leads into a ductus deferens is the

epididymis

_______ glands are accessory organs of the female reproductive system specialized to secrete milk following pregnancy.

Mammary

Human gametes (sperm and oocytes) are produced by which type of cell division?

Meiosis

What is the term from the cessation of menstruation that occurs at midlife?

Menopause

What region of a sperm cell contains mitochondria organized in a spiral?

Midpiece

In males, what type of gland is found on the posterior side of the bladder?

Seminal vesicle

The development, maintenance, and regulation of the male and female reproductive systems are the functions of:

reproductive hormones

Organize the sequence of structures through which sperm will travel after leaving the seminiferous tubules:

rete testis, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra

The pouch of connective tissue, muscle, and skin that contains the testes is the _______

scrotum

Name the first haploid cell (with 23 chromosomes) produced during spermatogenesis.

secondary spermatocyte

What event occurs on about day 14 of the ovarian cycle?

Ovulation

What is triggered by a "surge" of luteinizing hormone (LH) in females?

Ovulation

Convoluted, saclike structures about 5 centimeters long, each attached to the ductus deferens near the base of the urinary bladder.

Seminal vesiclesa

Define "gamate"

Sex cells produced by reproductive organs

During the female reproductive cycle, menstruation is triggered when:

blood levels of estrogens and progesterone drop.

The ovarian medulla is mostly composed of...

loose connective tissue

List three effects of testosterone starting at puberty

1) Development of axillary and facial hair. 2) Increased sebum secretion, acne. 3) Development of pubic hair

On average, a woman experiences menstruation every __ days.

28

The number of sperm cells that form from a primary spermatocyte is

4

The number of possible chromosome combinations in a gamete of a human is _________

8 million

Where is the epididymides located?

Above and behind the testes

Indicate three characteristics of semen.

Alkaline fluid containing nutrients, 2-5 mL are released with each ejaculate, 120 milion sperm are contained in each mL of semen.

During what phase of meiosis do homologous chromosome pairs separate and a member of each pair moves to the end of the spindle?

Anaphase 1

When homologous chromosome pairs separate, and each replicated member moves to one end of the spindle. Each new, or daughter, cell receives only one replicated member of a homologous pair of chromosomes, overall halving the chromosome number

Anaphase 1

Where is the prostate gland located?

At the base (inferior to) the bladder

What is located in the medulla of the ovary?

Blood vessels and nerves

Which gland secretes a fluid that functions to lubricate the tip of the penis in preparation for intercourse?

Bulbourethral gland

Indicate three male accessory glands.

Bulbourethral gland, prostate, seminal vesticle

What is the name for the most inferior part of the uterus, extending into the upper vagina?

Cervix

The practice of withdrawing the penis from the vagina before ejaculation, preventing entry of sperm cells into the female reproductive tract.

Coitus interruptus (aka: "pulling out")

Which term refers to a developing human from day 16 to week 8 of prenatal development?

Embryo

Indicate the correct order of the uterine wall layers from the innermost to the outermost.

Endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium

Tightly coiled, threadlike tubes about 6 meters long and are connected to ducts in a testis.

Epididymides

Ovulation is triggered by a spike in blood levels of ___________ hormone.

luteinizing

Gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH) induces the anterior pituitary to secrete the two gonadotropins:

FSH and LH

Identify three functions of the organs of the female reproductive system:

Facilitate the development of the offspring, produce and maintain female sex cells, produce female sex hormones

Meiosis occurring in which gender results in one gamate and up to three polar bodies?

Females

What is the name of the fringe-like projections extending from the infundibulum of a uterine tube?

Fimbriae

During oogenesis, the primary oocyte divides, forming a secondary oocyte and a small nonviable (unable to survive) daughter cell. What is the name of this nonviable cell?

First polar body

Which event occurs during anaphase 1?

Homologous chromosome pairs separate

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is produced by what endocrine organ?

Hypothalamus

Normally, where does the fertilization occur?

In a uterine tube

Indicate the four statements that describe a vasectomy.

Its is an operation that produces few side effects, it is one of the most reliable forms of contraception, sperm cells are excluded from the semen, it involves section and ligation of the vas deferens

About the time of ovulation, the anterior pituitary gland releases a surge of

LH

The level of testosterone in the blood is increased by

LH causing the interstitial cells to release testosterone.

List three functions of the ovaries

Oogenesis, follicle maturation, secretion of progesterone and estrogen

What is the name of the process that results in the formation of the female gametes by meiosis?

Ooogenesis

Circumcision is a surgical procedure to:

Remove the prepuce (foreskin)

The uterine tubes, uterus, vagina and external genitalia are examples of which sex organs of a female?

Secondary organs

Indicate two roles of the male reproductive system.

Secrete hormones vital to maintaining secondary sex characteristics. Spermatogenesis.

What is an antrum within a follicle of an ovary?

The fluid-filled cavity in a mature follicle

The organs called _______ produce and secrete oocytes and female sex hormones.

ovaries

The primary sex organs of the female reproductive system are

The ovaries

In females, which structure is immediately anterior to the vagina?

Urethra

Name the ducts that extend from the ovaries to the uterus, conveying an egg to the uterus

Uterine tubes

The long passageways for an egg or developing embryo between the ovary and the uterus are called:

Uterine tubes and oviducts

The tube that allows discharge of menstrual fluid, receipt of the penis and semen, and birth of a baby is called the ______

Vagina

Where are the seminiferous tubules located?

Within the testes

The bulbourethral glands secrete

a mucus-like fluid

During spermatogenesis, a spermatogonium divides by mitosis to produce:

a spermatogonium and a primary spermatocyte

Causes of erectile dysfunction include

an underlying disease, such as diabetes mellitus.

As the follice matures, its primary oocyte undergoes meiosis 1, giving rise to a secondary oocyte and the _____ polar body

first

Each month, ovarian follicles development under the influence of the hormonecalled _______ ___________ hormone.

follicle stimulating

In males, meiosis results in ___ functional sperm. In females, it results in ___ functional egg(s).

four; one

The gonadotropins FSH and LH are released from the anterior pituitary gland under the influence of ____________ - releasing hormone, which is secreted by the hypothalamus.

gonadotropin

When a primary oocyte undergoes oogenesis it gives rise to a secondary oocte, which represents a future egg cell in which the original chromosome number is:

halved

Oocytes and sperm cells are _______; they have one coopy of each type of chromosome

haploid

The cells that result from meiosis are

haploid

The acrosome is a part of what region of a sperm cell?

head

The onset of puberty is initiated by the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the endocrine gland called the...

hypothalamus

Name the cells that produce androgens (including testosterone).

interstitial cells of the testes

After an egg has been ovulated, the remnants of the follicle form a structure called the corpus ______

luteum

The inner portion of the ovary that contains the large arteries and veins is the:

medulla

The head of a sperm is mostly

nucleus

List three products of the female reproductive system.

oocytes, estrogen, progesterone

Meiosis is necessary because

otherwise the fertilized ovum will have too much genetic material

The cortex of the ovary is the _____ layer.

outer

As a follicle matures, its primary oocyte undergoes meiosis 1, giving rise to a secondary oocyte and a first polar body. A process called _________ releases these cells from the follicle.

ovulation

The process of _________ involves the rupture of the mature follicle and the release of its egg and surrounding cells

ovulation

Where are the seminal vesicles located?

posterior to the urinary bladder

The loose fold of the skin at the distal end of the penis that extends to cover the glans penis is called the _______

prepuce (foreskin)

The testes are classified as _______ sex organs because they produce sex cells.

primary

The first step in oogenesis is a

primary oocyte divides to form a secondary oocyte and a first polar body

The primary sex organs of the male reproductive system

testes

Fertilization normally occurs in the

uterine tube

Sperm need to reach the ____________ in order to fertilize the egg.

uterine tube

Each tube, about 10 centimeters long and 0.7 centimeters in diameter, passes medially to the uterus, penetrates its wall, and opens into the uterine cavity

uterine tubes (fallopian tubes, or oviducts)

The female external accessory organs are collectively referred to as the _____, and include the labia majora, labia minora, clitoris and vestibular glands

vulva

A fertilized egg is known as a ______

zygote