Chapter 22 - Reproductive System
Signs of menopause include
shrinking of the vagina, uterus, and breasts.
The process of sperm cell production (including both meiosis and development of sperm from spermatids) is called ________________
spermatogenesis
The lower one-third, or neck, of the uterus is called the:
cervix
Name the erectile organ of the female genitalia.
clitoris
The female structure that corresponds to the male penis is the ________
clitoris
Indicate which male reproductive structures produce semen.
corpus cpongiosum, testes, bulbourethral glands, urethra, prostate gland, seminal vesicles
Judy runs 50 miles a week. She and her husband have been trying to conceive for three years, with no luck. Her disturbed reproductive cycles and infertility are due to...
decreased synthesis of estrogens
In males, testosterone is converted to ______, which then stimulates cells of the prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and external accessory organs.
dihydrotestosterone
The glands in a lobe of a breast
drain into alveolar ducts, which drain into a lactiferous duct that leads to the nipple.
Semen is expelled from the urethra to the outside of the body in a process called ___________
ejaculation
The inner mucosal layer of the uterine wall is the
endometrium
A tightly coiled tube on the above and behind a testis that leads into a ductus deferens is the
epididymis
_______ glands are accessory organs of the female reproductive system specialized to secrete milk following pregnancy.
Mammary
Human gametes (sperm and oocytes) are produced by which type of cell division?
Meiosis
What is the term from the cessation of menstruation that occurs at midlife?
Menopause
What region of a sperm cell contains mitochondria organized in a spiral?
Midpiece
In males, what type of gland is found on the posterior side of the bladder?
Seminal vesicle
The development, maintenance, and regulation of the male and female reproductive systems are the functions of:
reproductive hormones
Organize the sequence of structures through which sperm will travel after leaving the seminiferous tubules:
rete testis, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
The pouch of connective tissue, muscle, and skin that contains the testes is the _______
scrotum
Name the first haploid cell (with 23 chromosomes) produced during spermatogenesis.
secondary spermatocyte
What event occurs on about day 14 of the ovarian cycle?
Ovulation
What is triggered by a "surge" of luteinizing hormone (LH) in females?
Ovulation
Convoluted, saclike structures about 5 centimeters long, each attached to the ductus deferens near the base of the urinary bladder.
Seminal vesiclesa
Define "gamate"
Sex cells produced by reproductive organs
During the female reproductive cycle, menstruation is triggered when:
blood levels of estrogens and progesterone drop.
The ovarian medulla is mostly composed of...
loose connective tissue
List three effects of testosterone starting at puberty
1) Development of axillary and facial hair. 2) Increased sebum secretion, acne. 3) Development of pubic hair
On average, a woman experiences menstruation every __ days.
28
The number of sperm cells that form from a primary spermatocyte is
4
The number of possible chromosome combinations in a gamete of a human is _________
8 million
Where is the epididymides located?
Above and behind the testes
Indicate three characteristics of semen.
Alkaline fluid containing nutrients, 2-5 mL are released with each ejaculate, 120 milion sperm are contained in each mL of semen.
During what phase of meiosis do homologous chromosome pairs separate and a member of each pair moves to the end of the spindle?
Anaphase 1
When homologous chromosome pairs separate, and each replicated member moves to one end of the spindle. Each new, or daughter, cell receives only one replicated member of a homologous pair of chromosomes, overall halving the chromosome number
Anaphase 1
Where is the prostate gland located?
At the base (inferior to) the bladder
What is located in the medulla of the ovary?
Blood vessels and nerves
Which gland secretes a fluid that functions to lubricate the tip of the penis in preparation for intercourse?
Bulbourethral gland
Indicate three male accessory glands.
Bulbourethral gland, prostate, seminal vesticle
What is the name for the most inferior part of the uterus, extending into the upper vagina?
Cervix
The practice of withdrawing the penis from the vagina before ejaculation, preventing entry of sperm cells into the female reproductive tract.
Coitus interruptus (aka: "pulling out")
Which term refers to a developing human from day 16 to week 8 of prenatal development?
Embryo
Indicate the correct order of the uterine wall layers from the innermost to the outermost.
Endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium
Tightly coiled, threadlike tubes about 6 meters long and are connected to ducts in a testis.
Epididymides
Ovulation is triggered by a spike in blood levels of ___________ hormone.
luteinizing
Gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH) induces the anterior pituitary to secrete the two gonadotropins:
FSH and LH
Identify three functions of the organs of the female reproductive system:
Facilitate the development of the offspring, produce and maintain female sex cells, produce female sex hormones
Meiosis occurring in which gender results in one gamate and up to three polar bodies?
Females
What is the name of the fringe-like projections extending from the infundibulum of a uterine tube?
Fimbriae
During oogenesis, the primary oocyte divides, forming a secondary oocyte and a small nonviable (unable to survive) daughter cell. What is the name of this nonviable cell?
First polar body
Which event occurs during anaphase 1?
Homologous chromosome pairs separate
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is produced by what endocrine organ?
Hypothalamus
Normally, where does the fertilization occur?
In a uterine tube
Indicate the four statements that describe a vasectomy.
Its is an operation that produces few side effects, it is one of the most reliable forms of contraception, sperm cells are excluded from the semen, it involves section and ligation of the vas deferens
About the time of ovulation, the anterior pituitary gland releases a surge of
LH
The level of testosterone in the blood is increased by
LH causing the interstitial cells to release testosterone.
List three functions of the ovaries
Oogenesis, follicle maturation, secretion of progesterone and estrogen
What is the name of the process that results in the formation of the female gametes by meiosis?
Ooogenesis
Circumcision is a surgical procedure to:
Remove the prepuce (foreskin)
The uterine tubes, uterus, vagina and external genitalia are examples of which sex organs of a female?
Secondary organs
Indicate two roles of the male reproductive system.
Secrete hormones vital to maintaining secondary sex characteristics. Spermatogenesis.
What is an antrum within a follicle of an ovary?
The fluid-filled cavity in a mature follicle
The organs called _______ produce and secrete oocytes and female sex hormones.
ovaries
The primary sex organs of the female reproductive system are
The ovaries
In females, which structure is immediately anterior to the vagina?
Urethra
Name the ducts that extend from the ovaries to the uterus, conveying an egg to the uterus
Uterine tubes
The long passageways for an egg or developing embryo between the ovary and the uterus are called:
Uterine tubes and oviducts
The tube that allows discharge of menstrual fluid, receipt of the penis and semen, and birth of a baby is called the ______
Vagina
Where are the seminiferous tubules located?
Within the testes
The bulbourethral glands secrete
a mucus-like fluid
During spermatogenesis, a spermatogonium divides by mitosis to produce:
a spermatogonium and a primary spermatocyte
Causes of erectile dysfunction include
an underlying disease, such as diabetes mellitus.
As the follice matures, its primary oocyte undergoes meiosis 1, giving rise to a secondary oocyte and the _____ polar body
first
Each month, ovarian follicles development under the influence of the hormonecalled _______ ___________ hormone.
follicle stimulating
In males, meiosis results in ___ functional sperm. In females, it results in ___ functional egg(s).
four; one
The gonadotropins FSH and LH are released from the anterior pituitary gland under the influence of ____________ - releasing hormone, which is secreted by the hypothalamus.
gonadotropin
When a primary oocyte undergoes oogenesis it gives rise to a secondary oocte, which represents a future egg cell in which the original chromosome number is:
halved
Oocytes and sperm cells are _______; they have one coopy of each type of chromosome
haploid
The cells that result from meiosis are
haploid
The acrosome is a part of what region of a sperm cell?
head
The onset of puberty is initiated by the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the endocrine gland called the...
hypothalamus
Name the cells that produce androgens (including testosterone).
interstitial cells of the testes
After an egg has been ovulated, the remnants of the follicle form a structure called the corpus ______
luteum
The inner portion of the ovary that contains the large arteries and veins is the:
medulla
The head of a sperm is mostly
nucleus
List three products of the female reproductive system.
oocytes, estrogen, progesterone
Meiosis is necessary because
otherwise the fertilized ovum will have too much genetic material
The cortex of the ovary is the _____ layer.
outer
As a follicle matures, its primary oocyte undergoes meiosis 1, giving rise to a secondary oocyte and a first polar body. A process called _________ releases these cells from the follicle.
ovulation
The process of _________ involves the rupture of the mature follicle and the release of its egg and surrounding cells
ovulation
Where are the seminal vesicles located?
posterior to the urinary bladder
The loose fold of the skin at the distal end of the penis that extends to cover the glans penis is called the _______
prepuce (foreskin)
The testes are classified as _______ sex organs because they produce sex cells.
primary
The first step in oogenesis is a
primary oocyte divides to form a secondary oocyte and a first polar body
The primary sex organs of the male reproductive system
testes
Fertilization normally occurs in the
uterine tube
Sperm need to reach the ____________ in order to fertilize the egg.
uterine tube
Each tube, about 10 centimeters long and 0.7 centimeters in diameter, passes medially to the uterus, penetrates its wall, and opens into the uterine cavity
uterine tubes (fallopian tubes, or oviducts)
The female external accessory organs are collectively referred to as the _____, and include the labia majora, labia minora, clitoris and vestibular glands
vulva
A fertilized egg is known as a ______
zygote
