Chapter 22: Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections Guided Reading

Mistake regarding Christopher Columbus's decision to sail west to reach Asia

bad calculations = thought Japan was 2,000 miles West of the Canary Islands (actually 10,000 mi); thought Earth was smaller and Eurasian landmass was bigger

Where did the largest contingents of migrants come from (from 1500-1800)

Africa (enslaved)

Explorer who seized Hormuz, Goa, and Melaka in the early 1500s

Alfonso d'Albuquerque (Portuguese)

By 1750, all parts of the world participated in a global trade network in which Europeans played dominant roles except for this area

Australia

First European to sail around Cape of Good Hope (to enter the Indian Ocean = no taxation)

Bartolomeu Dias (1488)

Explorer who led 3 expeditions into the Pacific (18th century)

Captain James Cook

Which area invented the sternpost rudder and the magnetic compass

China

What was the VOC

Dutch part of the English/Dutch joint-stock company; very, very successful! $$$

Which European nation carried out most of the actual exploration of the Pacific Ocean

England

Main inspirations for European exploration

God, Glory, and Gold (anything profitable) (new trade routes with Asia, resources, land, Christianity)

Where did C. James Cook die

Hawaii (fight with natives)

Who completed the first circumnavigation of the world (1522)

Magellan's crew (Ferdinand Magellan didn't survive the whole trip)

Center of Spanish commercial activity in Asia

Manila, Philippines

Explorer that eventually conquered the Philippines

Miguel López de Legazpi

3 Portuguese trading post cities (not all, just some examples)

Mozambique, São Jorge de Mina, Nagasaki (and see above)

Most prosperous country in Europe in the seventeenth century

Netherlands

Where did Ferdinand Magellan (Portugal) establish a trade route between

Philippines and Mexico (built off of information from Magellan's journey)

First European nation to dominate trade in Asia

Portugal

Who conquered the Moroccan port of Ceuta

Prince Henry of Portugal (1415)

Why did the native population of the Philippines (under Spanish rule) convert to Roman Catholicism

Spanish rulers and missionaries pressured prominent Filipinos to convert (thought others would follow the high-up people); open schools and teach

Portuguese mariner who sailed to Calicut (South India) (1498)

Vasco de Gama

Advantage of Lateen sails

can go across the wind (tacking) (boats become more maneuverable catches winds from behind and side)

In their attempt to control the spice trade in the Indian Ocean, why did the Europeans have limited success during the period between the 16th and 18th centuries

didn't have the #s or military power to exercise control over the Eastern hemisphere

Portuguese practice on which their dominance of trade depended

forced other ships to stop at their trading posts (strategic location) and pay $

What Jan Pieterszoon Coen was responsible for

founding Batavia on island of Java = port for VOC (1619); helped VOC get monopoly over spice trade/production

In the long term, what did the Columbian exchange do to the population

increase because of exchange of food crops and animals

Where did Columbus make landfall (on October 12th, 1492)

island in Bahamas (he named it San Salvador); natives called it Guanahaní

What did the astrolabe measure

latitude

Russian territorial expansion into northern Eurasia began in this century

mid-16th century

Profitable merchandise that Vasco de Gama purchased in India

pepper and cinnamon

Why did Russian merchants and explorers expand into Siberia

quest for fur

Reasons for European interest in finding a maritime trade route

resources and land to cultivate; new trade routes to Asia; spread Christianity bypass middlemen (Muslims); trying to avoid the plague/unsafe Silk Roads; Portuguese want land and fishing; spices, silk, and porcelain (from Asia); increase of prices (want cheaper goods)

Key advantages English and Dutch have over the Portuguese

sail faster, cheaper, more powerful ships; trade through a joint-stock company (commercial organization)

Portugal unable to maintain its early domination of trade

small country = can't keep a large trading empire; unable to enforce taxes; focus on money, NOT monopolies, didn't form companies

The Dutch policy in Indonesia controlled this key item

spices

What did the Portuguese want to cultivate on the Atlantic islands

sugarcane (thought it could get them $$$ (slaves))

Where did Columbus think he was when he sent delegates to seek the court of the emperor of China

thought he was in Asia (islands off the coast) but actually in Bahamas/Americas (term: "Indians")

When did the reconquista end in 1492

weeks before Columbus set sail (when Granada (Muslim) fell to the Spanish Christians)