Chapter 22: Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections Guided Reading
Mistake regarding Christopher Columbus's decision to sail west to reach Asia
bad calculations = thought Japan was 2,000 miles West of the Canary Islands (actually 10,000 mi); thought Earth was smaller and Eurasian landmass was bigger
Where did the largest contingents of migrants come from (from 1500-1800)
Africa (enslaved)
Explorer who seized Hormuz, Goa, and Melaka in the early 1500s
Alfonso d'Albuquerque (Portuguese)
By 1750, all parts of the world participated in a global trade network in which Europeans played dominant roles except for this area
Australia
First European to sail around Cape of Good Hope (to enter the Indian Ocean = no taxation)
Bartolomeu Dias (1488)
Explorer who led 3 expeditions into the Pacific (18th century)
Captain James Cook
Which area invented the sternpost rudder and the magnetic compass
China
What was the VOC
Dutch part of the English/Dutch joint-stock company; very, very successful! $$$
Which European nation carried out most of the actual exploration of the Pacific Ocean
England
Main inspirations for European exploration
God, Glory, and Gold (anything profitable) (new trade routes with Asia, resources, land, Christianity)
Where did C. James Cook die
Hawaii (fight with natives)
Who completed the first circumnavigation of the world (1522)
Magellan's crew (Ferdinand Magellan didn't survive the whole trip)
Center of Spanish commercial activity in Asia
Manila, Philippines
Explorer that eventually conquered the Philippines
Miguel López de Legazpi
3 Portuguese trading post cities (not all, just some examples)
Mozambique, São Jorge de Mina, Nagasaki (and see above)
Most prosperous country in Europe in the seventeenth century
Netherlands
Where did Ferdinand Magellan (Portugal) establish a trade route between
Philippines and Mexico (built off of information from Magellan's journey)
First European nation to dominate trade in Asia
Portugal
Who conquered the Moroccan port of Ceuta
Prince Henry of Portugal (1415)
Why did the native population of the Philippines (under Spanish rule) convert to Roman Catholicism
Spanish rulers and missionaries pressured prominent Filipinos to convert (thought others would follow the high-up people); open schools and teach
Portuguese mariner who sailed to Calicut (South India) (1498)
Vasco de Gama
Advantage of Lateen sails
can go across the wind (tacking) (boats become more maneuverable catches winds from behind and side)
In their attempt to control the spice trade in the Indian Ocean, why did the Europeans have limited success during the period between the 16th and 18th centuries
didn't have the #s or military power to exercise control over the Eastern hemisphere
Portuguese practice on which their dominance of trade depended
forced other ships to stop at their trading posts (strategic location) and pay $
What Jan Pieterszoon Coen was responsible for
founding Batavia on island of Java = port for VOC (1619); helped VOC get monopoly over spice trade/production
In the long term, what did the Columbian exchange do to the population
increase because of exchange of food crops and animals
Where did Columbus make landfall (on October 12th, 1492)
island in Bahamas (he named it San Salvador); natives called it Guanahaní
What did the astrolabe measure
latitude
Russian territorial expansion into northern Eurasia began in this century
mid-16th century
Profitable merchandise that Vasco de Gama purchased in India
pepper and cinnamon
Why did Russian merchants and explorers expand into Siberia
quest for fur
Reasons for European interest in finding a maritime trade route
resources and land to cultivate; new trade routes to Asia; spread Christianity bypass middlemen (Muslims); trying to avoid the plague/unsafe Silk Roads; Portuguese want land and fishing; spices, silk, and porcelain (from Asia); increase of prices (want cheaper goods)
Key advantages English and Dutch have over the Portuguese
sail faster, cheaper, more powerful ships; trade through a joint-stock company (commercial organization)
Portugal unable to maintain its early domination of trade
small country = can't keep a large trading empire; unable to enforce taxes; focus on money, NOT monopolies, didn't form companies
The Dutch policy in Indonesia controlled this key item
spices
What did the Portuguese want to cultivate on the Atlantic islands
sugarcane (thought it could get them $$$ (slaves))
Where did Columbus think he was when he sent delegates to seek the court of the emperor of China
thought he was in Asia (islands off the coast) but actually in Bahamas/Americas (term: "Indians")
When did the reconquista end in 1492
weeks before Columbus set sail (when Granada (Muslim) fell to the Spanish Christians)
