Chapter 23
When was the term Industrial Revolution coined?
1830's
What was the most serious obstacle impeding industrial development in Britain in the eighteenth century?
An energy shortage
The Factory Act of 1833 limited the factory workday of children between nine and thirteen to how many hours?
Eight
How did James Watt fundamentally improve the Newcomen steam engine?
He added a condenser to the engine.
Outside of Europe, what country industrialized the earliest?
Japan
Which of the following was a result of the boom in agricultural production of the eighteenth century?
People had more money to spend on manufactured goods.
What did Robert Owen argue in 1816?
That employing children in factories was dangerous for them
What did the British economist Thomas Malthus conclude in his 1798 Essay on the Principle of Population?
That men and women should limit population growth by marrying late in life
What did David Ricardo argue in his iron law of wages theory?
That the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above subsistence levels
On the European continent, who took on the majority of the costs of building railroads?
The governments
After the Napoleonic Wars, the French government imposed tariff protections to prevent which of the following?
The import of cheaper foreign (often British) goods
What was one of the major limitations of the putting-out system in the British textile industry?
There were not enough spinners to meet demand.
What was particularly difficult for married women involved in factory work after the 1830s?
They had to balance factory work with child care and responsibilities at home.
In the English putting-out system, what did merchants do with raw materials?
They loaned them to local cottage workers who processed them at home.
What did the Factory Act of 1833 stipulate about children under nine years of age in the factories?
They were banned from employment.
What was one of the earliest uses for steam engines?
To pump water out of coal mines
In eighteenth-century England, what were the first mechanized cotton-spinning machines powered by?
Water
James Hargreaves
Who invented the spinning jenny around 1765?
How did early factory work affect family life?
Workers often came to the mills and mines and were employed as whole family units.
In which British industry did the first modern factories begin to appear?
the textile industry (cotton)
