Chapter 23

Obesity is defined as a body weight more than ________ percent above the ideal body weight for an individual.

20

Of all the energy released in catabolism, about ________ percent is lost as heat warms the surrounding tissues.

60

An excess of which water-soluble vitamin results in polycythemia?

B12 (cobalamin)

The USDA has an interactive food recommendation program online, called

ChooseMyPlate

Which activity expends the greatest amount of energy per hour? Climbing stairs, jogging, speed walking, competitive swimming

Competitive swimming

A(n) ________ contains all of the essential amino acids.

Complete protein

Which primary mechanism of heat transfer is the direct transfer of energy through physical contact?

Conduction

Poisons like cyanide bind to ________ and prevent electron transfer.

Cytochromes

Which nutrient group provides vitamins A, B12, pantothenic acid, thiamine, and riboflavin?

Dairy

Although other nutrients can feed into the citric acid cycle, ________ yields energy the quickest.

Glucose

Which condition results when body fluids become saturated with uric acid?

Gout

________ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

The area of the brain that regulates body temperature is the

Hypothalamus

What response is coordinated by the heat-gain center?

In children, hypothalamic TRH release increases.

Cells perform catabolism to generate ATP, which can be used for

Ion transport, glycogen synthesis, protein synthesis, muscle contraction

Which fat-soluble vitamin is essential for liver synthesis of prothrombin and other clotting factors?

K

Wally decides to go on a hunger strike to further one of his favorite causes. After many days with nothing but water, what you would expect to observe?

Ketone bodies in his urine, elevated levels of glucocorticoids, lowered blood pH

Chylomicrons are _______________ that contain insoluble lipids.

Lipoproteins-lipid-protein complexes

Glucose is transported to the _______ by way of the _______.

Liver; hepatic portal vein

The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called

Metabolism

In oxidative phosphorylation, energy for the synthesis of ATP is directly obtained from the

Movement of hydrogen ions through channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

When chyme arrives in the duodenum, cholecystokinin (CCK) release triggers the secretion of what enzyme?

Pancreatic alpha-amylase

A vitamin obtained from meat that is a coenzyme in amino acid and lipid metabolism is

Pyridoxine (B6)

The function of the citric acid cycle is to

Remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.

The vitamin that is part of coenzymes in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle is

Riboflavin

In the process of digestion, most nutrient absorption takes place in the

Small intestine

What is a response coordinated by the heat-loss center?

The respiratory centers are stimulated

What is a characteristic of oxidative phosphorylation?

The stepwise passage of electrons by coenzymes embedded in the cristae of the mitochondrion releases energy.

What is the function of the citric acid cycle?

To remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.

In transamination, the amino group of an amino acid is ________, yielding a different amino acid.

Transferred to another molecule

Impaired fat absorption in the intestine would interfere with the absorption of

Vitamin A

In the absorptive state of metabolic activity

Androgens, estrogens, and growth hormone stimulate protein synthesis.

The food pyramid recommends many servings a day of dark-green and orange vegetables and citrus fruits. Which vitamin is not particularly abundant in these food groups?

D

The vitamin that is required for proper bone growth and for calcium absorption and retention is vitamin

D

Fatty acids that are necessary for proper health but cannot be synthesized by the body are called

Essential fatty acids

Linoleic acid and linolenic acid are examples of

Essential fatty acids

Which process describes the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources?

Gluconeogenesis