Chapter 23

The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is vitamin

A

The vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors is vitamin

K

Define nutrition

absorption of nutrients from food

What is a nutrient pool?

an accessible source of substrates for a cell

Metabolism can be defined as

anabolism and catabolism

Which step of glucose metabolism yields the greater amount of ATP?

electron transport system

Fatty acids that are necessary for proper health but cannot be synthesized by the body are called

essential fatty acids

Identify the two classes of vitamins. (Module 23.14B)

fat and water soluble

How are most nutrients absorbed in the digestive tract eventually transported out of the digestive system?

hepatic portal vein

At the Holy Frijoles restaurant, you order a burrito grande with extra sour cream and cheese and an order of tortilla chips with guacamole. You're very satisfied with your meal-it's a lot of food-and as you finish off the last of the chips, the satiety center in your ________ starts letting you know that you've had enough to eat now.

hypothalamus

The hormone ________, which suppresses appetite and stimulates satiety, is released by adipose tissue

leptin

Of these — carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins — which releases the greatest amount of energy per gram during catabolism? (Module 23.15C)

lipids

The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are

lipids

Urea is formed in the

liver

________ is an unhealthy state resulting from inadequate intake of one or more nutrients that becomes life- threatening as the deficiencies accumulate

malnutrition

The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called

metabolism

Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell.

mitochondria

Why do cells make new compounds? (Module 23.7B)

new compounds are used to maintain and repair structures, support growth, and store nutrient reserves

Glycolysis breaks down glucose into what?

pyruvate

If vitamins do not provide a source of energy, what is their role in nutrition? (Module 23.14C)

serve as coenzymes in metabolic pathways

In the process of digestion, most nutrient absorption takes place in the

small intestine

The minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person is called

BMR

The vitamin that is required for proper bone growth and for calcium absorption and retention is vitamin

D

________ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.

HDLs

Define and describe the absorptive state. (Module 23.13A

It is the time after a meal when nutrient absorption is occurring, insulin is stimulating glucose uptake, glycogenesis, amino acid uptake, and protein synthesis

Deficiency in what vitamin can result in a condition called scurvy?

c

A(n) ________ contains all of the essential amino acids

complete protein

It's been 5 hours since you had breakfast and now you're thinking about trying the new Mexican lunch place that just opened up across the street. The more you think about it, the hungrier you get. Your increased hunger is the result of the ________ that your empty stomach is releasing into your bloodstream.

ghrelin

All of the following are reasons why glucose is the primary energy source for cells except

glycogen breaks down slowly

During lipolysis

triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids

The conversion of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces

urea