Chapter 23
The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is vitamin
A
The vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors is vitamin
K
Define nutrition
absorption of nutrients from food
What is a nutrient pool?
an accessible source of substrates for a cell
Metabolism can be defined as
anabolism and catabolism
Which step of glucose metabolism yields the greater amount of ATP?
electron transport system
Fatty acids that are necessary for proper health but cannot be synthesized by the body are called
essential fatty acids
Identify the two classes of vitamins. (Module 23.14B)
fat and water soluble
How are most nutrients absorbed in the digestive tract eventually transported out of the digestive system?
hepatic portal vein
At the Holy Frijoles restaurant, you order a burrito grande with extra sour cream and cheese and an order of tortilla chips with guacamole. You're very satisfied with your meal-it's a lot of food-and as you finish off the last of the chips, the satiety center in your ________ starts letting you know that you've had enough to eat now.
hypothalamus
The hormone ________, which suppresses appetite and stimulates satiety, is released by adipose tissue
leptin
Of these — carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins — which releases the greatest amount of energy per gram during catabolism? (Module 23.15C)
lipids
The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are
lipids
Urea is formed in the
liver
________ is an unhealthy state resulting from inadequate intake of one or more nutrients that becomes life- threatening as the deficiencies accumulate
malnutrition
The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called
metabolism
Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell.
mitochondria
Why do cells make new compounds? (Module 23.7B)
new compounds are used to maintain and repair structures, support growth, and store nutrient reserves
Glycolysis breaks down glucose into what?
pyruvate
If vitamins do not provide a source of energy, what is their role in nutrition? (Module 23.14C)
serve as coenzymes in metabolic pathways
In the process of digestion, most nutrient absorption takes place in the
small intestine
The minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person is called
BMR
The vitamin that is required for proper bone growth and for calcium absorption and retention is vitamin
D
________ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.
HDLs
Define and describe the absorptive state. (Module 23.13A
It is the time after a meal when nutrient absorption is occurring, insulin is stimulating glucose uptake, glycogenesis, amino acid uptake, and protein synthesis
Deficiency in what vitamin can result in a condition called scurvy?
c
A(n) ________ contains all of the essential amino acids
complete protein
It's been 5 hours since you had breakfast and now you're thinking about trying the new Mexican lunch place that just opened up across the street. The more you think about it, the hungrier you get. Your increased hunger is the result of the ________ that your empty stomach is releasing into your bloodstream.
ghrelin
All of the following are reasons why glucose is the primary energy source for cells except
glycogen breaks down slowly
During lipolysis
triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids
The conversion of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces
urea