Chapter 23 - High Renaissance & Mannerism

In what ways does Albrecht Durer's Four Apostles serve as an expression of the Protestant Faith?

From left to right, we have St. John - one of Martin Luther's favourite Saints - standing in the foreground, blocking St. Peter - whom allegedly holds a key to the Church - whereas in the right panel we see see St. Mark nearly-completely blocked by St. Paul, the spiritual father of Protestantism

Martin Luther

German monk; initiated Protestant Reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to door of Wittenberg church; emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic church; accepted state control of church, also he was excommunicated by Catholic Church in 1521 after dispute with Charles V. Translated the Bible into German, and this contributed to the further development of the German language

chiaroscuro

Heavy contrast between light and dark

Compare Hieronymus Bosch's Garden of Earthly Delights and Patinir's Landscape with Saint Jerome

sin is the connecting link between the three scenes: Eden, fake paradise, and hell.Men and women, both black and white, are generally seen in groups or pairs, maintaining amorous relations (some of a forbidden nature) with a powerful erotic charge that refers to the panel's pre-eminent theme, the sin of lust. Patinir shows St Jerome sitting inside the wooden shack that leans against the rocks in the foreground. Raises the line of the horizon, leading to an increase in the space devoted to the landscape and the consequent reduction of the sky. On the left and in the foreground to the right is the solitude of nature, representative of the desert to which St Jerome has retired. Further towards the background in the centre and on the right is everyday, earthly activity.

John Calvin

(1509-1564) was a principal figure in the development of Calvinism

Counter-Reformation

Council of Trent- purpose of guidance of religious artwork.

Erasmus of rotterdam

Dutch/Netherlandish Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, social critic, teacher, and theologian. Erasmus was a classical scholar and wrote in a pure Latin style

Protestant Reformation

Effort to reform the Church in the 16th century which led to the separation of a large number of Christians from communion of Rome and with each other

Describe how Matthias Grunewald's Isenheim Altarpiece would have related specifically to the audience at the Hospital of Saint Anthony.

People in the hospital were dying; this gave them something to contemplate: their judgment, their lives, where they were going, etc. Very spiritual matters. Could be comforting or could be damning.

Compare and Contrast Albrecht Durer's Fall of Man (Adam and Eve) and Lucas Cranach the Elder's Law and Gospel

The Law and the Gospel is the single most influential image of the Lutheran Reformation. heaven is reached through faith and God's grace. On the "gospel" side of the image (the right side), John the Baptist directs a naked man to both Christ on the cross in front of the tomb and to the risen Christ who appears on top of the tomb (see detail at top of page). He is not following "law", he is just submitting himself to God's mercy.In the left foreground a skeleton and a demon force a frightened naked man into hell, as a group of prophets, including Moses, point to the tablets of the law. In Fall of Man: The naturalizing contrapposto clashing with the artificiality of the rest of the pose establishes a pattern of contradictions that run throughout the picture. Scientifically accurate many symbols wow thoes bodies: learned from Italy.

Luther's 95 Theses

The Ninety-five Theses or Disputation on the Power of Indulgences are a list of propositions for an academic disputation written in 1517 by Martin Luther

Compare and Contrast Pierre Lescot's Cour Carre of the Louvre and the Portal at Colegio de San Gregorio

The court facade consists of two main stories plus an attic richly embellished. It is crowned by a sloping roof, a traditional feature of French architecture. Strongly tinged with Italian Mannerism, it became the Parisian Renaissance style, thus "setting the mold" for all later French architectural classicism. Colegio de San Gregorio evokes the triumphal arches of the architectures. it has a complex symbolic significance in that mix contemporary figures, saints, allegories, wild men, abundant symbolic of power, etc. It has two bodies framed by two buttresses. The lower hosts a vain lintel decorated with fleur-de-lys

woodcut

a type of print made by carving a design into a wooden block; the ink is applied to the block with a roller; as the ink touches only on the surface areas and lines remaining between the carved-away parts of the block, it is these areas that make the print when paper is pressed against the inked block, leaving the carved-away parts of the design to appear blank; also: the process by which the woodcut is made

anamorphic images

become 3D when viewed from the right perspective

four humors

blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm