Chapter 23

Which of the following does NOT accurately depict one of the uses of anticommunism?

Conservative Catholi congregations were investigated for enforcing "principles of communist conformity" among parishioners

Joseph McCarthy:

1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential; "McCarthyism" was the fearful accusation of any dissenters of being communists

The Marshall Plan:

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)

Which statement best describes what NSC-68 called for?

A permanent military buildup and a global application of containment.

The Taft-Hartley Act:

Act that provides balance of power between union and management by designating certain union activities as unfair labor practices; also known as Labor-Management Relations Act (LMRA)

The McCarran-Walter Act:

Passed by Congress in 1952, this law reaffirmed the quota system that had been established for each country in 1924

Why did American policymakers agree to spend billions of dollars on the economic recovery of Europe under the Marshall Plan?

They were afraid that if they did not help with the recovery, western European nations might fall into the Soviet sphere of influence.

Who were the "Dixiecrats"?

They were states rights segregationists who hoped to deny Truman's re-election and preserve their "way of life."

The charges against which of the following organizations led to the downfall of Joseph McCarthy in 1954?

army

In 1949, Mao Zedong:

led a successful communist revolution in China

The policy of "containment" can best be described as:

preventing the spread of communism worldwide.

Operation Wetback:

Program which apprehended and returned some one million illegal immigrants to Mexico

Why were American diplomats particularly dismayed that the Soviets had installed a procommunist government in Poland in 1945?

Stalin had promised Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt at Yalta that he would allow a democratic government in Poland.

Militant Liberty" was the code name for a national security agency that:

encouraged Hollywood to produce anticommunist movies.

The impact of the Cold War on American culture was:

especially evident in the movies.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

A 1946 United Nations covenant binding signatory nations to the observance of specified rights.

How did white supremacists take advantage of anticommunist rhetoric?

They charged African-American civil rights leaders with a communist agenda.

The "Iron Curtain":

A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region

Why did the United States back away from pressuring its European allies to grant self-government to colonies in Asia and Africa?

American diplomats valued nations like France more highly for their alliance in the European Cold War.

What obstacle did Harry Truman face when he assumed the presidency following the death of Franklin Roosevelt in April 1945?

Harry Truman had absolutely no experience in foreign policy, the most important qualification at this point in American history.

Why was it inevitable that the United States and the Soviet Union would eventually come into conflict after the war ended?

Historically, both nations had never shared long-term interests or values.

Why did Harry Truman's loyalty review system target homosexuals working for the government?

Homosexuals were considered susceptible to blackmail and thought to be lacking the manly qualities necessary to fight communism

How did the Soviet focus on social and economic rights in the Cold War human rights debate affect American attitudes?

In the climate of anticommunist hysteria, it prompted many Americans to condemn these rights as a first step to Socialism

The impact of the Cold War on the civil rights movement:

Included government action against black leaders

The Truman Doctrine:

President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology

Why was it unlikely that the Soviet Union was going to embark on a new military campaign in the years following World War II?

The communist nation had suffered more than 20 million casualties, along with immense devastation

Why did France and other Europeans understand NATO as a form of double containment?

The pact would guard them against Soviet aggression as well as against the resurgence of a powerful Germany.

The Berlin Blockade was:

The reaction by the Soviet Union to the establishment of a separate currency in western Berlin's occupied zones

Why did nearly 5 million workers walk off their jobs over the course of 1946?

The removal of price controls resulted in a drop in workers' real income

What reason did the Hollywood Ten give for not cooperating with the HUAC hearings?

They felt the hearings were a violation of the First Amendment.

Which of the following events did NOT occur after Truman's 1947 speech to Congress?

Truman received only immediate, short-term Republican support for his containment policies

To wage the cultural Cold War, the Central Intelligence Agency and Defense Department:

funded artistic publications, concerts, performances, and exhibits.

The principle of human rights—the idea of basic rights belonging to all persons because they are human—was introduced into international relations:

in the revolutionary period of the late eighteenth century.

President Truman's civil rights plan called for all of the following EXCEPT:

reparations

Operation Dixie was:

the postwar union campaign in the South.

What was so ironic about Dean Acheson's speech to the Delta Council in 1947?

​a.​Acheson praised the president's defense of democratic institutions in the place that did not know democracy.

In the aftermath of World War II:

• The establishment of Soviet-backed governments in eastern Europe • "War crimes" trials of surviving Axis leaders • The establishment of the United Nations

According to some critics, how did the casting of the Cold War as a worldwide struggle between freedom and slavery have unfortunate consequences?

1. It made it difficult to discern legitimate postwar struggles for economic and political freedom from those simply motivated by American interests 2. It suggested that the United States would align itself against postwar colonial independence movements in the name of anticommunism

Which long-held U.S. territory was granted independence in 1946?

Philippines

After World War II, the only nation that could rival the United States was:

Soviet Union

In 1948, the Progressive Party:

a. advocated expanded social welfare programs.

Which statement about the Korean conflict is FALSE?

Chinese troops threatened to enter the conflict, but never did.

All of the following statements are true of the Fair Deal EXCEPT

Congress passed Truman's Fair Deal to raise the standard of living for Americans.

In the 1950s, what did the term "totalitarianism" describe?

Fascism, Nazism, and communism

Why did southern Democrats fear losing their position in the Democratic Party following its national convention of 1948?

Party Liberals under the leadership of Hubert Humphrey had added a strong civil rights plank to the party platform

How had the political climate changed in the South during World War II in the early Cold War years?

The number of African-Americans in the region that were registered to vote increased sevenfold

Why did the United States allow West Germany to become part of a defensive alliance less than ten years after the defeat of Nazi Germany?

The successful Soviet detonation of a nuclear bomb underlined the importance of a militarily united West.

How did the United States respond to Joseph Stalin's blockade around Berlin?

Truman ordered that supplies be brought to Berlin via an airlift.

Civil rights initiatives after 1948:

Waned, given widespread American sentiment that any criticism of American society smacked of "disloyalty"

Japan's constitution, which Americans had written, provided for the first time in Japanese history:

Women's suffrage

Organized labor emerged as:

a major supporter of the foreign policy of the Cold War.

How did black organizations employ the language of the Cold War?

c.​They noted how the Russians could use racism to damage America's image abroad, given its hypocrisy about the meaning of "freedom" at home.

Why did anticommunist Harry Truman veto the McCarran-Walter Act?

c.​Truman had become alarmed at the excesses of the anticommunist crusade.

During the Cold War, Americans:

formed anticommunist groups who pressured public libraries to remove ""un-American" books from their shelves.

The 1948 presidential race:

was the last to occur before television forever changed campaigning.