Chapter 23 The Respiratory System

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood? In the interstitial spaces?

100 mmHg 40 mmHg

Asthma

Acute sensitive conducting airways that constrict

A pneumothorax is

Collapsed lung due to air in intra pleural space

The ring shaped cartilage in the larynx below the thyroid cartilage is the

Cricoid

Emphysema

Elastic fibers lost, collapsed alveoli and bronchioles

What is the structure of the function labeled "8"? (Figure 1)

Epiglottis, stops food/drink from going into trachea

Why might mucus production in the nose increase?

Exposure to noxious/unpleasant stimuli, allergens, debris, or pathogens

Which muscles produces the movement labeled "1"? (Figure 2)

External intercostals

The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the

Hard palate

Vital capacity and average

Maximum volume one can inhale forcefully 6000mL/4200ML

Tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Identify the structure labeled "7" (Figure 1)

Oropharynx

Which way will oxygen diffuse?

Out of blood into interstitial spaces

Which way will carbon dioxide diffuse?

Out of interstitial space into blood

How is most of the oxygen carried in the blood?

Oxyhemoglobin

Pleurisy

Painful inflammation of visceral and parietal pleura, causing friction

List the passageways through which air passes starting with the primary bronchus and ending with the alveoli:

Primary bronchus, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchiole, alveoli

When someone chokes, in which bronchus does the object usually lodge? Why?

Right It's bigger and steeper

What type of epithelial tissue makes up the alveoli? Why?

Simple squamous Diffusion

What pressure will be present in the space labeled "4"? (Figure 2)

Sub-atmospheric

Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?

Thin membrane of alveoli

The largest cartilage in the larynx is the

Thyroid cartilage

Placing a tube directly into the trachea bypassing the larynx is called a

Tracheostomy

Conchae in the nose are for

Trapping particles

Inspiratory reserve volume is calculated using the formula:

VC-(TV+IRV)

Inspiratory reserve volume and average

Volume one can inhale after inspiration 3300mL/1900mL

Expiratory reserve volume is ____. Average volume: ____

Volume you can exhale after normal exhalation 1000 mL/700mL

A pulmonary embolism is

when pulmonary vessels are Wallis blocked by blood clots, fat, or air bubbles

COPD

Chronic blood obstructive pulmonary disease

The vocal folds are found in the

Larynx

Cystic fibrosis

The most common lethal inherited disease in Northern Europeans

Which structure vibrates to produce sound? (Figure 1)

11, vocal chords

The right lung has ____ lobes while the left lung has ____ lobes.

3 2

What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the interstitial space? In arterial blood?

45 mmHg 40 mmHg

How is most of the carbon dioxide carried in the blood?

Bicarbonate ions

Glottis

Narrow opening into the larynx

In the air you breath in, large particles are filtered by

Nasal hairs in nasal vestibule

The three parts of the pharynx are:

Nasopharynx: contains pharyngeal tonsils which opens into the left and right auditory tubes Oropharynx: communicates with oral cavity through fauces Layryngopharynx: extends from hyoid bone to entrance to larynx and esophagus

During decompression, bubbles of ____ can form in the blood.

Nitrogen

Tidal volume and average

Normal breath 500 mL

Epistaxis

Nosebleed due to damage to lamina propria

What is the relationship between the pressures at label "8"? (Figure 2)

P out < P in (air moves out of lungs)

What is the relationship between the pressures at label "3"? (Figure 2)

P out > P in (air moves into lungs)

In respiratory distress syndrome, inadequate ____ production causes alveoli to collapse.

Surfactant

The superior portion of the lung is termed the ____ while the inferior is termed the ____.

Apex Base

Several functions of the nasal cavity include:

a. Olfaction b. Resonates sound for speech c. Humidifies and warms incoming air

The three sets of tonsils are:

a. Pharyngeal, which are found in nasopharynx b. Palatine, which flank the fauces and are removed frequently c. Lingual, which are at the base of the tongue

The external nares are _____ while the internal nares are _____

also called nostrils openings near the nasopharynx

If the PO2 is 70 mm Hg at standard pressure and temperature, how saturated is hemoglobin?

>90%

Pneumonia reduces respiratory function because

Inflammation of bronchi, excess mucus production and fluid in alveoli

How does Boyle's Law explain pulmonary ventilation?

Inhalation: pressure down, volume up Exhalation: pressure up, volume down

Which muscles contract to cause the movement indicated by arrows labeled "6" and "7"? (Figure 2)

Internal intercostals and rectus abdominus

Identify the structure labeled "2" (Figure 1)

Internal nares

The nasopharynx opens into the

Left and right auditory tubes