Chapter 23 The Respiratory System
What is the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood? In the interstitial spaces?
100 mmHg 40 mmHg
Asthma
Acute sensitive conducting airways that constrict
A pneumothorax is
Collapsed lung due to air in intra pleural space
The ring shaped cartilage in the larynx below the thyroid cartilage is the
Cricoid
Emphysema
Elastic fibers lost, collapsed alveoli and bronchioles
What is the structure of the function labeled "8"? (Figure 1)
Epiglottis, stops food/drink from going into trachea
Why might mucus production in the nose increase?
Exposure to noxious/unpleasant stimuli, allergens, debris, or pathogens
Which muscles produces the movement labeled "1"? (Figure 2)
External intercostals
The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the
Hard palate
Vital capacity and average
Maximum volume one can inhale forcefully 6000mL/4200ML
Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Identify the structure labeled "7" (Figure 1)
Oropharynx
Which way will oxygen diffuse?
Out of blood into interstitial spaces
Which way will carbon dioxide diffuse?
Out of interstitial space into blood
How is most of the oxygen carried in the blood?
Oxyhemoglobin
Pleurisy
Painful inflammation of visceral and parietal pleura, causing friction
List the passageways through which air passes starting with the primary bronchus and ending with the alveoli:
Primary bronchus, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchiole, alveoli
When someone chokes, in which bronchus does the object usually lodge? Why?
Right It's bigger and steeper
What type of epithelial tissue makes up the alveoli? Why?
Simple squamous Diffusion
What pressure will be present in the space labeled "4"? (Figure 2)
Sub-atmospheric
Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?
Thin membrane of alveoli
The largest cartilage in the larynx is the
Thyroid cartilage
Placing a tube directly into the trachea bypassing the larynx is called a
Tracheostomy
Conchae in the nose are for
Trapping particles
Inspiratory reserve volume is calculated using the formula:
VC-(TV+IRV)
Inspiratory reserve volume and average
Volume one can inhale after inspiration 3300mL/1900mL
Expiratory reserve volume is ____. Average volume: ____
Volume you can exhale after normal exhalation 1000 mL/700mL
A pulmonary embolism is
when pulmonary vessels are Wallis blocked by blood clots, fat, or air bubbles
COPD
Chronic blood obstructive pulmonary disease
The vocal folds are found in the
Larynx
Cystic fibrosis
The most common lethal inherited disease in Northern Europeans
Which structure vibrates to produce sound? (Figure 1)
11, vocal chords
The right lung has ____ lobes while the left lung has ____ lobes.
3 2
What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the interstitial space? In arterial blood?
45 mmHg 40 mmHg
How is most of the carbon dioxide carried in the blood?
Bicarbonate ions
Glottis
Narrow opening into the larynx
In the air you breath in, large particles are filtered by
Nasal hairs in nasal vestibule
The three parts of the pharynx are:
Nasopharynx: contains pharyngeal tonsils which opens into the left and right auditory tubes Oropharynx: communicates with oral cavity through fauces Layryngopharynx: extends from hyoid bone to entrance to larynx and esophagus
During decompression, bubbles of ____ can form in the blood.
Nitrogen
Tidal volume and average
Normal breath 500 mL
Epistaxis
Nosebleed due to damage to lamina propria
What is the relationship between the pressures at label "8"? (Figure 2)
P out < P in (air moves out of lungs)
What is the relationship between the pressures at label "3"? (Figure 2)
P out > P in (air moves into lungs)
In respiratory distress syndrome, inadequate ____ production causes alveoli to collapse.
Surfactant
The superior portion of the lung is termed the ____ while the inferior is termed the ____.
Apex Base
Several functions of the nasal cavity include:
a. Olfaction b. Resonates sound for speech c. Humidifies and warms incoming air
The three sets of tonsils are:
a. Pharyngeal, which are found in nasopharynx b. Palatine, which flank the fauces and are removed frequently c. Lingual, which are at the base of the tongue
The external nares are _____ while the internal nares are _____
also called nostrils openings near the nasopharynx
If the PO2 is 70 mm Hg at standard pressure and temperature, how saturated is hemoglobin?
>90%
Pneumonia reduces respiratory function because
Inflammation of bronchi, excess mucus production and fluid in alveoli
How does Boyle's Law explain pulmonary ventilation?
Inhalation: pressure down, volume up Exhalation: pressure up, volume down
Which muscles contract to cause the movement indicated by arrows labeled "6" and "7"? (Figure 2)
Internal intercostals and rectus abdominus
Identify the structure labeled "2" (Figure 1)
Internal nares
The nasopharynx opens into the
Left and right auditory tubes