Chapter 23-The Respiratory System (PART ONE)
Three anatomical regions
"NOL" 1.nasopharynx 2.oropharynx 3.laryngopharynx
Cricoid Cartilage
-most inferior cartilage -connects larynx to trachea
Three epiglottis form the larynx
1. epiglottis 2. thyroid cartilage 3. cricoid cartilage
How long is the pharynx?
5 inches
Where does the nose ends?
internal nares
What does the respiratory mucosa line?
lines the conducting portion of respiratory system (From nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles)
Trachea branches into
right and left bronchi at carina
respiratory mucosa: at bronchioles
simple cuboidal epithelium
respiratory mucosa: at alveoli
simple squamous epithelium
Respiratory bronchioles connect to alveoli
where gas diffusion occurs
Thyroid cartilage
-LARGEST cartilage -forms most of the anterior and lateral walls of larynx
Respiratory Defense System
-a series of filtration mechanisms to remove particles and pathogens
Function of Trachea or "windpipe"
-about 4.33 inches long -passageway for air in and out of the lungs
What occurs to air at the conducting portions of the respiratory system?
-air is filtered,warmed, and moistened
Bronchoconstriction occurs during
-allergic attacks (anaphylaxis) -respiratory infections (bronchitis asthma)
Bronchioles
-branch from tertiary bronchi -further branch to form tiny terminal bronchioles
The Respiratory Mucosa
-consists of epithelial layer -an areolar layer called lamina propria
RDS consists of
-goblet cells: produce mucus that bathes exposed surfaces -cilia: sweep debris trapped in mucus toward the pharynx (mucus escalator)
Laryngopharynx
-inferior portion -passes air and food -lined by stratified squamous epithelium (nonkeratinized)
Bronchioles LACK what?
-lack cartilage but are dominated by smooth muscle tissue
What's found in the thyroid cartilage?
-laryngeal prominence or Adam's apple, bigger in males
Oropharynx
-middle portion -contains palatine and lingual tonsils -common passage for air,food, and drinks -lined with *stratified squamous epithelium (nonkeratinized)*
Epiglottis
-most superior cartilage During swallowing: tongue pushes epiglottis downward, closing larynx and preventing food and fluids from entering the airway
Function of Larynx "voice box"
-passageway for air -keeps food and drinks out of the airway -sound production
Branches of bronchi tree
-primary -secondary -tertiary -bronchioles
Tertiary Bronchi or "segmental" bronchi
-several per lung -covered with cartilage PLATES -give rise to bronchioles
Nasopharynx
-superior portion passageway for air -90 degrees downward turn traps large particles -lined by *pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium*
Primary (Main) Bronchi: Right
-transport air in and out of right lung -has COMPLETE cartilage rings -larger in diameter than left primary bronchus and at a steeper angle
Primary (Main) Bronchi: Left
-transports air in and out of the left lung -has COMPLETE cartilage rings -smaller diameter and longer than right primary bronchus
Function of the Nose
-warms, filters, and humidifies inhaled air -detects odors in the airstream -serves as a resonating chamber that amplifies the voice
Functions of the Respiratory System
1. provides extensive gas exchange surface area between air and circulating blood 2. moves air to and from exchange surfaces of lungs 3. protects respiratory surfaces from outside environment 4. *produces sounds* 5. participates in detection of *odors*
Trachea is supported by _ to __ C-shaped cartilage rings
15 to 20; C-shaped (hyaline) cartilage rings
Alveoli
150 million/lung
Secondary Bronchi or "Lobar" bronchi
3 Right Secondary Bronchi 2 Left Secondary Bronchi -Secondary bronchi are covered with cartilage PLATES (to keep airline open)
Nose: superior portion of the nasal cavity contains
Olfactory smell: provides sense of smell
respiratory mucosa: from the nasal cavity to the superior portion of the pharynx
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (with goblet cells)
respiratory mucosa: superior part of lower respiratory system
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (with goblet cells)
Autonomic nervous system controls diameter of bronchioles
Sympathetic stimulation: diameter of bronchioles increases (bronchodilation), more air flows to alveoli Parasympathetic stimulation: diameter of the bronchioles decreases (bronchoconstriction) less air flow to alveoli
Respiratory System Anatomy
Upper respiratory system-above larynx Lower respiratory system- from larynx and below
Function of C-shaped cartilage rings?
cartilage rings protect and prevent collapse or overexpansion of trachea during inhalation of air
Cartilage rings are INCOMPLETE in Trachea
do not connect on the posterior of the trachea
Alveolar macrophages
engulf small particles that reach the alveoli
In the nose air enters through
external nares or nostrils. Nostrils open into the nasal cavity
Vomer
forms inferior part of nasal septum
Vertical partition dividing nasal cavity into right and left portions
nasal septum
ATP synthesis requires ___ and produces ____
oxygen, carbon dioxide -drives the need to breathe to take in oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide
Trachea is lined with what kind of epithelial tissue?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Majority of nasal cavity lined with
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium -contains epithelial cells and goblet cells (secrete mucus)
Filtration in nasal cavity
remove large particles
Terminal Bronchiole branch to form
respiratory bronchioles
respiratory mucosa: inferior part of pharynx
stratified squamous epithelium (non keratinized)
Function of the pharynx
the "throat" passes air and food
Function of mucus
traps -inhaled dust -pollen -bacteria -other foreign matter