Chapter 23. The Revolution in Energy and Industry 1760-1850
who is Fridrich Engeles?
- (socialist)Revolutionary and colleague of Carl Marks - Criticized the capitalist exploitation and increasing worker poverty
what was the "rocket"?
- A name given to George Stephenson's effective steam locomotive that was first tested in 1829 on Liverpool and Manchester railway - Reached a maximum speed of 35 mph
what is the spinning Jenny?
- A simple, inexpensive, hand powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves in 1765
what is the water frame?
- A spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindle and used water power - It required a larger and more specialized mill-factory
What are 7 things that Britain possessed that are why Britain is where the Industrial Revolution started?
- Abundant coal - High wages - A relatively peaceful and centralized government - Well-developed financial systems - Innovated culture - Highly skilled crafts man - A strong position in empire and global trade
What were 3 new patterns of working and living?
- Because factories moved from rural to urban areas, people began to migrate to cities - Many women especially young single women and poor women continued to work but married women limited their work - Living and working conditions for the poor were bad especially in overcrowded industrial cities
how did Indian cotton textiles dominate the world market?
- Because of mastery of techniques, access to raw materials, and low wages
what are 3 ways workers organized unions?
- Controlled the number of skilled workers - Limited apprenticeship to members' own children - Bargained with owners over wages
what was the factory act of 1833? what did it do?
- English law that led to a shape decline in the employment of children - Limited the hours that children over age 9 could work - Banned employment of children younger than 9
what are 3 important details regarding the combination act
- English laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes - Favored capitalist business owners over skilled artisans - Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by man craft guilds the acts were repealed by parliament in 1824
What are 4 challenges mechanized industries had?
- Few engineers or skilled people outside England understood the technology - Steam power had become very expensive because it required large investments in the iron, coal, and railroad industries - Laborers bitterly resisted the move to working in factories - The spread of mechanization was slowed
Who was William Cockerill?
- He and his sons had their own company that built cotton spinners in Belgium - His son John Cockerill built a large industrial enterprise - Many skilled British workers came to work for Cockerill
what are 3 advantages Western European nations had?
- Most had merchant capitalism and skilled urban trades - The capitalist did not need to develop their own technology because they borrowed the methods from Britain - France and Russia had strong independent governments that were not controlled by a foreign country
Describe 4 things about the forced child labor in factories
- Orphans and abandoned children - As young as 5 or 6 years of age - Long hours for little or no pay - Harsh physical punishment
what are 2 things that the Colonial empire in Latin American and the transatlantic slave trade provided to Britain?
- Provide raw material like cotton - Provided a growing market for British manufactured goods
what were 4 consequences of the arrival of the railroad?
- Reduced the cost of shipping - Markets became larger and even nationwide - Factories can make goods more cheaply - Strong demand for unskilled labor and growth of a class of urban workers
what are 4 improvements and advances since the 1840s?
- Small pox vaccination became routine - Trains and steamships advances transportation for the masses - Telegraph helped communication - Gas lights allowed for night time activity
what were 2 impacts of slavery on Britain?
- The need for items to exchange for colonial cotton sugar, tobacco and slaves stimulated demand for britsih manufactured goods in the Caribbean, North America and West Africa - Britain's dominance in the slave trade led to finance and credit institutions
How were cottage workers not used to the factory way of life?
- They could take breaks when they wanted to - Saturday night was a time of relaxation
what are 6 examples of how the steam power replaced old ways of industry?
- Water power and cotton spinning mills - Water power and flour mills - Malt mills used in breweries - Flint mills for the pottery industry - Mills to crush sugar canes - Iron industry
what are 2 setbacks China faced when they tried to industrialize?
- Wide spread uprisings so resources went to the military - After the Boxer rebellion, western powers forced china to pay compensation money
who were two romaitc poets criticizing the British industrial revolution?
- William Blake - William words worth
What were 4 examples of poor working conditions in the first factories of the industrial revolution?
- Workers had to keep up with the fast tempo of the machine - Long monotonous hours - Demanding over seers that punished the workers if they broke the rules - Employers frequently beat children whom misbehaved
what are 2 things that Britain's government used its tax money on?
- on a navy to protect imperial commerce - also on an army to put down uprisings by disgruntle workers
what was the average life expencatncy in industrial cities?
25-27
What is the separate spheres?
A gender division of labor with a wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner
Describe the tariff protection
A governments way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other counties
Describe the Industrial revolution
A term first coined in the 1830s to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that took place in certain industries such as cotton textiles and iron between 1780 and 1850
What did the British Parliament do for all slaves in all British territories in 1833?
All those slaves were freed
what is the class-consciousness?
An individual's sense of class differentiation a term introduced by Carl Marks
Why were many urban workers in Great Britain from Ireland?
Because people were forced out of rural Ireland by population growth and a bad economy
Who followed Britain and had an industrial search between 1830-1860?
Belgium
In the early 1870s who was Europes most industrial nation?
Britain
in 1800 who obtained a lead over all countries?
Britain
After 1833, how was Britain still impacted by slavery?
By 1850, most of the cotton processed by British mills was supplied by slave labor in the southern US
what was the mines act of 1842?
English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under 10
who are the Luddites?
Group of handicraft workers who attracted factories in northern England in 1811 and after smashing new machines that they believed were putting them out of work
who was Thomas Malthus?
His opinion was that population would always tend to grow faster than the food supply
who was David Ricardo?
Iron law of wages- theory that suggested that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level
What did the British Parliament do about the slave trade in 1807?
It abolished the slave trade
who usually worked full time in textile fcatories, laundering and domestic service?
Poor married women, widowed women and single women
Scuentific Revolution and the Enlightenment fostered_____ and _______ and _______
Progress/research/experimentation
what did robert owen organize?
Robert Owen organized one of the largest early national unions, the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union but it collapsed
What are 2 examples of countries that had some industrial advances but maintained its role as a provider of raw materials to the western countries?
Russia and Egypt
what took a lot of married women's time?
Shopping and feeding the family took up a lot of the married women's time so it would be hard to take on an outside job
What was the reason a lot of teenage girls got pregnant?
Teenage boys and girls were working together in factories and mines
who industrialized their economies following Britain's example?
The European countries as well as US and Japan
who participated in the tariff protection?
The French did this to the cheaper British goods
What is the crystal palace?
The location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London, an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron
Because there was a strong demend for British manufacturing what did that mean?
There would be high wages for British Workers
Who invented the steam engine?
Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705
The industrial revolution did not extend outside of Europe prior to the 1860s with the exception of who?
US and Japan
in 1750, who had fairly close per apita levels of industrialization?
Western countries and China and India
who did not get their fair share of the new wealth?
Workers, farmers and ordinary people
Were Malthus and Ricardo proved right or wrong in the long run?
Wrong
Who was Fritz Harkaort?
a pioneer in the German machineries industry but he had large financial losses
In 1860 Britain produced how much of the entire worlds output of industrial goods?
about 20%
who began to protest against inhumane condition of the children workers?
adult workers
why couldn't women work full time?
because they had to take care of the children
why did cottage workers dislike working in factories?
because they resembled English poor houses
the continental governments paid the cost of what to improve transportation?
building roads, canals and railroads
what was the number 2 occupation?
domestic service
when did the British workers real wages and standard of living decline?
during the war years with france
where was the abundance of coal manufactured?
in Britian
where were rail networks completed?
in western Europe and much of central Europe
The rise of industrialization in Britain, western Europe and the US caused other region of the world to become what?
increasingly economically dependent
Which non-western country was the exception to the trend that non-western countries had low industrial growth compared with western countries?
japan
Britain had high levels of what compared to the rest of Europe?
literacy and knowledge of mathematics
Who had low industrial growth?
many non-western countries such as china and India
Because of increasing efficiency land owners were able to produce what?
more food with a smaller work force
In Britain was it legal for artisans and skilled mechanics to leave Britain?
no, but some of these workers slipped out of the country illegally and introduced the new methods abroad (first agent of industrialization)
Who did mill workers turn to as workers for their factories because cottage workers did not want to work in those factories?
poor children
The second agent of industrialization consisted of who?
talented European entrepreneurs
What was Germany and the US big rise in industrial output after 1860 also called?
the "second industrial revolution"
What were 3 regions where there was unsuccessful efforts at industrialization?
the Middle east, Asia, and Latin America
Who was the New middle class of factory owners and industrial captials in conflict with?
the people who worked for them- the working class
What did Britains intellectual culture emphasize?
the public sharing of knowledge
In many countries there were efforts to adopt the technologies and methods of production form Britain but what happened?
they fell short of transitioning to an industrial economy
why did many people come to the cities?
to become factory workers and laborers builder and domestic servants ("working class")
Who in the British family worked for wages to spend on goods doing less unpaid work at home?
women and girls
what was the number 1 occupation?
working on farms
