Chapter 23. The Revolution in Energy and Industry 1760-1850

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who is Fridrich Engeles?

- (socialist)Revolutionary and colleague of Carl Marks - Criticized the capitalist exploitation and increasing worker poverty

what was the "rocket"?

- A name given to George Stephenson's effective steam locomotive that was first tested in 1829 on Liverpool and Manchester railway - Reached a maximum speed of 35 mph

what is the spinning Jenny?

- A simple, inexpensive, hand powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves in 1765

what is the water frame?

- A spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindle and used water power - It required a larger and more specialized mill-factory

What are 7 things that Britain possessed that are why Britain is where the Industrial Revolution started?

- Abundant coal - High wages - A relatively peaceful and centralized government - Well-developed financial systems - Innovated culture - Highly skilled crafts man - A strong position in empire and global trade

What were 3 new patterns of working and living?

- Because factories moved from rural to urban areas, people began to migrate to cities - Many women especially young single women and poor women continued to work but married women limited their work - Living and working conditions for the poor were bad especially in overcrowded industrial cities

how did Indian cotton textiles dominate the world market?

- Because of mastery of techniques, access to raw materials, and low wages

what are 3 ways workers organized unions?

- Controlled the number of skilled workers - Limited apprenticeship to members' own children - Bargained with owners over wages

what was the factory act of 1833? what did it do?

- English law that led to a shape decline in the employment of children - Limited the hours that children over age 9 could work - Banned employment of children younger than 9

what are 3 important details regarding the combination act

- English laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes - Favored capitalist business owners over skilled artisans - Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by man craft guilds the acts were repealed by parliament in 1824

What are 4 challenges mechanized industries had?

- Few engineers or skilled people outside England understood the technology - Steam power had become very expensive because it required large investments in the iron, coal, and railroad industries - Laborers bitterly resisted the move to working in factories - The spread of mechanization was slowed

Who was William Cockerill?

- He and his sons had their own company that built cotton spinners in Belgium - His son John Cockerill built a large industrial enterprise - Many skilled British workers came to work for Cockerill

what are 3 advantages Western European nations had?

- Most had merchant capitalism and skilled urban trades - The capitalist did not need to develop their own technology because they borrowed the methods from Britain - France and Russia had strong independent governments that were not controlled by a foreign country

Describe 4 things about the forced child labor in factories

- Orphans and abandoned children - As young as 5 or 6 years of age - Long hours for little or no pay - Harsh physical punishment

what are 2 things that the Colonial empire in Latin American and the transatlantic slave trade provided to Britain?

- Provide raw material like cotton - Provided a growing market for British manufactured goods

what were 4 consequences of the arrival of the railroad?

- Reduced the cost of shipping - Markets became larger and even nationwide - Factories can make goods more cheaply - Strong demand for unskilled labor and growth of a class of urban workers

what are 4 improvements and advances since the 1840s?

- Small pox vaccination became routine - Trains and steamships advances transportation for the masses - Telegraph helped communication - Gas lights allowed for night time activity

what were 2 impacts of slavery on Britain?

- The need for items to exchange for colonial cotton sugar, tobacco and slaves stimulated demand for britsih manufactured goods in the Caribbean, North America and West Africa - Britain's dominance in the slave trade led to finance and credit institutions

How were cottage workers not used to the factory way of life?

- They could take breaks when they wanted to - Saturday night was a time of relaxation

what are 6 examples of how the steam power replaced old ways of industry?

- Water power and cotton spinning mills - Water power and flour mills - Malt mills used in breweries - Flint mills for the pottery industry - Mills to crush sugar canes - Iron industry

what are 2 setbacks China faced when they tried to industrialize?

- Wide spread uprisings so resources went to the military - After the Boxer rebellion, western powers forced china to pay compensation money

who were two romaitc poets criticizing the British industrial revolution?

- William Blake - William words worth

What were 4 examples of poor working conditions in the first factories of the industrial revolution?

- Workers had to keep up with the fast tempo of the machine - Long monotonous hours - Demanding over seers that punished the workers if they broke the rules - Employers frequently beat children whom misbehaved

what are 2 things that Britain's government used its tax money on?

- on a navy to protect imperial commerce - also on an army to put down uprisings by disgruntle workers

what was the average life expencatncy in industrial cities?

25-27

What is the separate spheres?

A gender division of labor with a wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner

Describe the tariff protection

A governments way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other counties

Describe the Industrial revolution

A term first coined in the 1830s to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that took place in certain industries such as cotton textiles and iron between 1780 and 1850

What did the British Parliament do for all slaves in all British territories in 1833?

All those slaves were freed

what is the class-consciousness?

An individual's sense of class differentiation a term introduced by Carl Marks

Why were many urban workers in Great Britain from Ireland?

Because people were forced out of rural Ireland by population growth and a bad economy

Who followed Britain and had an industrial search between 1830-1860?

Belgium

In the early 1870s who was Europes most industrial nation?

Britain

in 1800 who obtained a lead over all countries?

Britain

After 1833, how was Britain still impacted by slavery?

By 1850, most of the cotton processed by British mills was supplied by slave labor in the southern US

what was the mines act of 1842?

English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under 10

who are the Luddites?

Group of handicraft workers who attracted factories in northern England in 1811 and after smashing new machines that they believed were putting them out of work

who was Thomas Malthus?

His opinion was that population would always tend to grow faster than the food supply

who was David Ricardo?

Iron law of wages- theory that suggested that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level

What did the British Parliament do about the slave trade in 1807?

It abolished the slave trade

who usually worked full time in textile fcatories, laundering and domestic service?

Poor married women, widowed women and single women

Scuentific Revolution and the Enlightenment fostered_____ and _______ and _______

Progress/research/experimentation

what did robert owen organize?

Robert Owen organized one of the largest early national unions, the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union but it collapsed

What are 2 examples of countries that had some industrial advances but maintained its role as a provider of raw materials to the western countries?

Russia and Egypt

what took a lot of married women's time?

Shopping and feeding the family took up a lot of the married women's time so it would be hard to take on an outside job

What was the reason a lot of teenage girls got pregnant?

Teenage boys and girls were working together in factories and mines

who industrialized their economies following Britain's example?

The European countries as well as US and Japan

who participated in the tariff protection?

The French did this to the cheaper British goods

What is the crystal palace?

The location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London, an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron

Because there was a strong demend for British manufacturing what did that mean?

There would be high wages for British Workers

Who invented the steam engine?

Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705

The industrial revolution did not extend outside of Europe prior to the 1860s with the exception of who?

US and Japan

in 1750, who had fairly close per apita levels of industrialization?

Western countries and China and India

who did not get their fair share of the new wealth?

Workers, farmers and ordinary people

Were Malthus and Ricardo proved right or wrong in the long run?

Wrong

Who was Fritz Harkaort?

a pioneer in the German machineries industry but he had large financial losses

In 1860 Britain produced how much of the entire worlds output of industrial goods?

about 20%

who began to protest against inhumane condition of the children workers?

adult workers

why couldn't women work full time?

because they had to take care of the children

why did cottage workers dislike working in factories?

because they resembled English poor houses

the continental governments paid the cost of what to improve transportation?

building roads, canals and railroads

what was the number 2 occupation?

domestic service

when did the British workers real wages and standard of living decline?

during the war years with france

where was the abundance of coal manufactured?

in Britian

where were rail networks completed?

in western Europe and much of central Europe

The rise of industrialization in Britain, western Europe and the US caused other region of the world to become what?

increasingly economically dependent

Which non-western country was the exception to the trend that non-western countries had low industrial growth compared with western countries?

japan

Britain had high levels of what compared to the rest of Europe?

literacy and knowledge of mathematics

Who had low industrial growth?

many non-western countries such as china and India

Because of increasing efficiency land owners were able to produce what?

more food with a smaller work force

In Britain was it legal for artisans and skilled mechanics to leave Britain?

no, but some of these workers slipped out of the country illegally and introduced the new methods abroad (first agent of industrialization)

Who did mill workers turn to as workers for their factories because cottage workers did not want to work in those factories?

poor children

The second agent of industrialization consisted of who?

talented European entrepreneurs

What was Germany and the US big rise in industrial output after 1860 also called?

the "second industrial revolution"

What were 3 regions where there was unsuccessful efforts at industrialization?

the Middle east, Asia, and Latin America

Who was the New middle class of factory owners and industrial captials in conflict with?

the people who worked for them- the working class

What did Britains intellectual culture emphasize?

the public sharing of knowledge

In many countries there were efforts to adopt the technologies and methods of production form Britain but what happened?

they fell short of transitioning to an industrial economy

why did many people come to the cities?

to become factory workers and laborers builder and domestic servants ("working class")

Who in the British family worked for wages to spend on goods doing less unpaid work at home?

women and girls

what was the number 1 occupation?

working on farms


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