Chapter 24

What is the average composition of fecal waste material?

75 percent water, 5 percent bacteria, and 20 percent indigestible materials, inorganic matter, and epithelial remains

What is the correct sequence of parts in the colon moving from the small intestine to the anus?

Cecum; ascending colon; transverse colon; descending colon; sigmoid colon; rectum

The enteroendocrine cells of the intestinal glands are responsible for producing which intestinal hormones?

Cholecystokinin and secretin

If you put marbles in your mouth, which cranial nerve monitors receptors that detect their presence and causes the salivary reflex?

Cranial nerve V

Which of the following is the term for swallowing?

Deglutition

What is the main stimulus that triggers the defecation reflex?

Distension of the rectum

What cells in the digestive epithelium produce hormones that help regulate the digestive tract?

Enteroendocrine cells

Which of the following is not found in the lamina propria? Epithelial tissue Lymphatic tissue Areolar connective tissue Smooth muscle cells

Epithelial tissue

Which of the following is not a step in the overall digestive process? Secretion Excretion Absorption Mechanical digestion

Excretion

What is the benefit of the large folds of the lining of the esophagus?

Expansion for swallowing

There are some obvious bends in the colon that you don't see in the small intestine. What are the names of these bends?

Flexures

Which peptide hormone causes the secretion of insulin from the pancreatic islets?

GIP

Which of the following causes an immediate increase in the rates of glandular secretion and peristaltic activity in all segments of the small intestine?

Gastroenteric reflex

Which of the following cranial nerves is involved in both initiating the swallowing reflex as food passes by the uvula and helping to coordinate the peristalitic waves of the esophagus?

Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

What are the pouches that give the colon its typical appearance?

Haustra

Which of the following is not associated with aging?

Increase in smooth muscle tone leading to stronger peristaltic contractions

Which of the following is not a function of saliva? Moistening food Producing amylase Increasing dental caries Helping clean oral surfaces

Increasing dental caries

What body system is NOT adversely affected by inadequate calcium absorption?

Integumentary system

Which of the following is not true of the microbiome? Produce vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) Produce vitamin C Produce biotin Produce vitamin K

Produce vitamin C

Which of the following is NOT produced by the gastric glands in the stomach of an adult? Pepsinogen HCl Intrinsic factor Rennin

Rennin

Which of the following is not true of the parotid glands? Secretions empty along the lingual frenulum Produce a serous secretion rich in amylase Extend from the mastoid process across the outer surface of the masseter The largest of the salivary glands

Secretions empty along the lingual frenulum

The digestive tract motility and secretions are controlled by a complex set of mechanisms. Which of the following is NOT a normal way the digestive tract functioning is controlled? pH changes Myenteric reflexes Somatic motor neurons Hormones

Somatic motor neurons

Which two factors play important parts in moving the chyme from the stomach into the small intestine?

Stomach distension and gastrin release

What type of epithelium makes up the oral mucosa?

Stratified squamous

Which of the following does not properly describe tooth structure?

The bulk of each tooth consists of a mineralized matrix similar to bone called enamel.

How does the mucosa of the distal rectum compare with that of the colon and the cecum?

The colon and the cecum are lined with a simple columnar epithelium for absorption, whereas the distal rectum is lined with a stratified squamous epithelium because the rectum is next to the opening to the exterior of the body.

The small, slender structure that is attached to the large intestine and is suffused with lymphoid nodules is the __________.

appendix

Triglycerides coated with proteins create complexes known as __________.

chylomicrons

The numerous transverse folds in the small intestine that serve to increase the surface area for absorption are the __________.

circular folds (plicae cicrulares)

The reflex that occurs in the rectum and promotes the movement of feces toward the anus is the __________.

defecation reflex

The chemical breakdown of food into small organic fragments that can be absorbed by the digestive epithelium is __________.

digestion

The bile duct and the pancreatic duct both enter the duodenum at the _____________.

duodenal papilla

The esophagus enters the abdominopelvic cavity by passing through the ________________ of the diaphragm.

esophageal hiatus

A large connective tissue structure, composed mostly of fat, that hangs like an apron from the lateral and inferior borders of the stomach describes the ________________.

greater omentum

The muscular sphincter that guards the opening between the ileum and the cecum is the __________.

ileocecal valve

Which type of tooth is responsible for clipping and cutting?

incisor

The primary effect of secretin is to __________.

increase the secretion of bile and buffers by the liver and the pancreas

The plicae of the intestinal mucosa, which bears the intestinal villi, are structural features that __________.

increase the total surface area for absorption

The hormone gastrin __________.

increases the activity of the parietal and chief cells

The active process that occurs when food enters the digestive tract via the mouth is __________.

ingestion

Fatty acids and lipids are absorbed into the ____________ found in each villus of the small intestine.

lacteal

An error in swallowing is most likely detected by the __________.

larynx

Sympathetic stimulation of the muscularis externa promotes __________.

muscular inhibition and relaxation

Many visceral smooth muscle networks have rhythmic cycles of activity in the absence of neural stimulation because of __________.

pacesetter cells that spontaneously depolarize and trigger the contraction of entire muscular sheets

Chief cells in the gastric glands secrete ________________.

pepsinogen

Villikinin, motilin, and somatostatin are produced in the __________.

small intestine

Which of the following major layers of the digestive tract is described as a layer of dense, irregular connective tissue filled with blood vessels and contains a nerve plexus?

submucosa

The two positive-feedback loops involved in the defecation reflex are __________.

the stretch receptors in the rectal walls and the sacral parasympathetic system

Which of the following is NOT a region of the small intestine? Duodenum Cecum Jejunum Ileum

Cecum

What is the hormone secreted by the small intestine that dilates capillaries in the small intestine area?

VIP

Which of the following molecules are directly absorbed into the intestinal mucosa without the need for ATP?

Vitamin D

What is perhaps the most important function of the large intestine?

Water reabsorption

In the oral cavity, the digestive enzyme __________ is found in saliva and begins the digestion of __________.

amylase; starch

Which macromolecules begin being digested in the oral cavity?

Carbohydrates and lipids

Which of the following is correct for adult dentition? 8 incisors, 4 canines, 6 bicuspids, and 12 molars in total 6 incisors, 4 canines, 6 bicuspids, and 12 molars in total 4 incisors, 4 canines, 2 bicuspids, and 6 molars on each side 4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 bicuspids, and 6 molars on each side

4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 bicuspids, and 6 molars on each side

Put the regions of the stomach in the order through which food and chyme would pass.

Cardia, fundus, body, pyloric part

The primary functions of intestinal juices include which of the following? to assist in buffering acids to dissolve digestive enzymes and the products of digestion to moisten the chyme All of the listed responses are correct.

All of the listed responses are correct.

Why would you not be able to swallow a completely dry food bolus? All of the listed responses are correct. Friction with the walls of the esophagus would make peristalsis ineffective. The dry food would inhibit parasympathetic activity in the esophagus. The dry food would stimulate sympathetic activity, inhibiting peristalsis.

All of the listed responses are correct.

Which of the following are NOT absorbed in the large intestine?

All of the listed substances are absorbed in the large intestine.

What is the importance of the mesenteries? Preventing the intestines from becoming entangled A route for blood vessels to and from the digestive tract All the listed choices are correct. Stabilizing the attached organs

All the listed choices are correct.

Which of the following is not true regarding water soluble vitamins?

All water-soluble vitamins are easily absorbed across the digestive epithelium.

What is the benefit of the stomach having rugae?

Allowing the expansion of the lumen

The absorption of which vitamin would be impaired if the stomach were removed?

B12

What is the correct sequence of events in moving a bolus of food to the stomach?

Bolus is moved to oropharynx; epiglottis folds over glottis; esophageal peristalsis; opening of lower esophageal sphincter

Which of the following is NOT a function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach? Facilitating protein digestion Breaking down disaccharides into monosaccharides Killing microorganisms Activating pepsin

Breaking down disaccharides into monosaccharides

Which hormone is secreted when chyme, expecially when it's rich in lipids and partially digested proteins, enters the duodenum?

CCK

Which of the following statements about peritonitis is not true? It could result in a burst appendix. It leads to inflammation of the digestive mucosa. It can be caused by bacteria entering the abdominal cavity during a surgical procedure. It is an inflammation of the peritoneal membrane.

It leads to inflammation of the digestive mucosa.

Which of the following produces, on a daily basis, the least number of the peristaltic contractions that force food through the digestive tract?

Large intestine

Which of the following statements regarding digestive enzymes is not true?

Minerals are produced from the enzymatic breakdown of proteins.

What type of tooth can have two or three roots and is best suited for helping in mastication by grinding and crushing food?

Molars

Which process is NOT involved in the secretion of hydrochloric acid by the parietal cells of the stomach? Active transport of H+ and diffusion of Cl- Movement of Cl- from the intestinal lumen to the interstitial fluid. CO2 reacts with H2O. Countertransport of Cl- and HCO3-

Movement of Cl- from the intestinal lumen to the interstitial fluid.

What is the order of the layers of the gastrointestinal tract, starting with the layer in contact with the food?

Mucosa; submucosa; muscularis externa; serosa

Which layer of the digestive tract is responsible for peristalsis and segmentation?

Muscularis externa

Which cells secrete intrinsic factor?

Parietal cells

Which of the following digestive regions is responsible for the propulsion of materials into the esophagus?

Pharynx

Which of the following is not true of the microbiome?

Produce vitamin C

Which oral structure(s) is/are responsible for manipulating food to assist in chewing and in the production of the enzyme lipase?

Tongue