chapter 24 a and p lecture
macula densa
A tightly packed group of cells where the ascending limb of the nephron loop and the distal tubule transition are known as the:
adipose capsule; nephroptosis
During prolonged starvation, the body uses the fatty acids in the ________ of the kidney for fuel. This causes the kidney to droop, a condition called _________.
glomerular capsule
Filtered fluid leaving the glomerular capillaries immediately enters the:
nephrons
Functional units of the kidneys
proteins such as albumin in the blood
Glomerular colloid osmotic pressure (GCOP) is created by __________.
glomerular hydrostatic pressure.
Glomerular filtrate is produced as a result of:
renal tubules; peritubular capillaries
Reabsorption is the movement of molecules from the _____ into the _____.
Renal fascia, adipose capsule, and renal capsule
Starting with the most superficial layer, list the layers of connective tissue surrounding the kidney.
Initiates micturition reflex
Stretch receptors in the wall of the urinary bladder signal the sacral region of the spinal cord.
vasa recta
The _____ acts as a countercurrent exchanger in the renal medulla.
fenestrated capillaries
The glomerulus is a group of _______________ , which allow large volumes of fluids and solutes to be exchanged.
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
The main hormone regulating facultative water reabsorption is:
vessel diameter
The myogenic mechanism acts to restore glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by changing __________.
hydrogen ions
The principal and intercalated cells of the late distal tubule and collecting system actively secrete _____ from the interstitial fluid into the filtrate.
blood pH
The reabsorption of bicarbonate ions in the proximal tubule helps regulate __________.
hilum
The renal artery, renal vein, renal nerves, and ureter all enter and exit through the _____.
glomerular capillaries, basal lamina, and podocytes.
The three layers of the filtration membrane, from deep to superficial, are:
adventitia, muscularis, and mucosa.
The three tissue layers of the ureter, from superficial to deep, are:
podocytes
The visceral layer of the glomerular capsule is covered with specialized epithelial cells called:
renal tubule
a winding tube responsible for modifying the filtrate. It has three regions: the proximal tubule, nephron loop, and distal tubule, each of which differs in structure and function.
renal capsule
extremely thin layer of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue that covers the exterior of each kidney like plastic wrap. It protects the kidney from infection and physical trauma.
GHP(glomerular hydrostatic pressure)- (GCOP + CHP)(glomerular colloid osmotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure)
how to calculate net filtration pressure
renal fascia
layer of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue that anchors each kidney to the peritoneum and to the fascia covering the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall.
adipose capsule
middle and thickest layer consists of adipose tissue that wedges each kidney in place and shields it from physical shock.
6.0—slightly acidic—but it can range from 4.5 to 8.0.
normal pH of urine
micturition reflex
parasympathetic fibers conduct impulses from the spinal cord that cause contraction of the detrusor muscle.
angiotensin-II
promotes thirst
tubular reabsorption
reclaims items from filtrate and returns them to the blood.
renal cortex
reddish-brown. rich blood supply—it houses 90-95% of the kidney's blood vessels.
cortical nephrons
renal corpuscle lies in the outer portion of the renal cortex.
renal corpuscle
responsible for filtering the blood.
juxtaglomerular apparatus
secrete renin in response to decreased renal blood pressure or blood flow.
Peritubular capillaries
supply blood to the nephron loops of cortical nephrons (although they exchange materials through the interstitial fluid rather than directly).
renal pelvis
urine drains from the major calyx into the
ureter
urine is transported from kidney to the urinary bladder by the
impermeable
In the absence of hormones, the distal tube and the collecting ducts are relatively ______ to water.
voluntary and involuntary muscle contractions.
Micturition involves:
Renal corpuscle and renal tubule
What are the two main subdivisions of the nephron?
10
What is net filtration pressure (NFP) in mm Hg in the glomerular capillaries?
125
What is the normal value for the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in ml/min?
Interlobular (cortical radiate) artery
Where does blood in the arcuate artery travel next on its journey toward the glomerulus?
Aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Which hormones promote facultative water reabsorption?
Proximal tubule
Which of the following structures is made up of simple cuboidal epithelium with many microvilli that help increase surface area?
Thick ascending limb
Which part of the nephron loop are chloride ions actively reabsorbed?
