chapter 24 a and p lecture

macula densa

A tightly packed group of cells where the ascending limb of the nephron loop and the distal tubule transition are known as the:

adipose capsule; nephroptosis

During prolonged starvation, the body uses the fatty acids in the ________ of the kidney for fuel. This causes the kidney to droop, a condition called _________.

glomerular capsule

Filtered fluid leaving the glomerular capillaries immediately enters the:

nephrons

Functional units of the kidneys

proteins such as albumin in the blood

Glomerular colloid osmotic pressure (GCOP) is created by __________.

glomerular hydrostatic pressure.

Glomerular filtrate is produced as a result of:

renal tubules; peritubular capillaries

Reabsorption is the movement of molecules from the _____ into the _____.

Renal fascia, adipose capsule, and renal capsule

Starting with the most superficial layer, list the layers of connective tissue surrounding the kidney.

Initiates micturition reflex

Stretch receptors in the wall of the urinary bladder signal the sacral region of the spinal cord.

vasa recta

The _____ acts as a countercurrent exchanger in the renal medulla.

fenestrated capillaries

The glomerulus is a group of _______________ , which allow large volumes of fluids and solutes to be exchanged.

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

The main hormone regulating facultative water reabsorption is:

vessel diameter

The myogenic mechanism acts to restore glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by changing __________.

hydrogen ions

The principal and intercalated cells of the late distal tubule and collecting system actively secrete _____ from the interstitial fluid into the filtrate.

blood pH

The reabsorption of bicarbonate ions in the proximal tubule helps regulate __________.

hilum

The renal artery, renal vein, renal nerves, and ureter all enter and exit through the _____.

glomerular capillaries, basal lamina, and podocytes.

The three layers of the filtration membrane, from deep to superficial, are:

adventitia, muscularis, and mucosa.

The three tissue layers of the ureter, from superficial to deep, are:

podocytes

The visceral layer of the glomerular capsule is covered with specialized epithelial cells called:

renal tubule

a winding tube responsible for modifying the filtrate. It has three regions: the proximal tubule, nephron loop, and distal tubule, each of which differs in structure and function.

renal capsule

extremely thin layer of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue that covers the exterior of each kidney like plastic wrap. It protects the kidney from infection and physical trauma.

GHP(glomerular hydrostatic pressure)- (GCOP + CHP)(glomerular colloid osmotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure)

how to calculate net filtration pressure

renal fascia

layer of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue that anchors each kidney to the peritoneum and to the fascia covering the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall.

adipose capsule

middle and thickest layer consists of adipose tissue that wedges each kidney in place and shields it from physical shock.

6.0—slightly acidic—but it can range from 4.5 to 8.0.

normal pH of urine

micturition reflex

parasympathetic fibers conduct impulses from the spinal cord that cause contraction of the detrusor muscle.

angiotensin-II

promotes thirst

tubular reabsorption

reclaims items from filtrate and returns them to the blood.

renal cortex

reddish-brown. rich blood supply—it houses 90-95% of the kidney's blood vessels.

cortical nephrons

renal corpuscle lies in the outer portion of the renal cortex.

renal corpuscle

responsible for filtering the blood.

juxtaglomerular apparatus

secrete renin in response to decreased renal blood pressure or blood flow.

Peritubular capillaries

supply blood to the nephron loops of cortical nephrons (although they exchange materials through the interstitial fluid rather than directly).

renal pelvis

urine drains from the major calyx into the

ureter

urine is transported from kidney to the urinary bladder by the

impermeable

In the absence of hormones, the distal tube and the collecting ducts are relatively ______ to water.

voluntary and involuntary muscle contractions.

Micturition involves:

Renal corpuscle and renal tubule

What are the two main subdivisions of the nephron?

10

What is net filtration pressure (NFP) in mm Hg in the glomerular capillaries?

125

What is the normal value for the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in ml/min?

Interlobular (cortical radiate) artery

Where does blood in the arcuate artery travel next on its journey toward the glomerulus?

Aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Which hormones promote facultative water reabsorption?

Proximal tubule

Which of the following structures is made up of simple cuboidal epithelium with many microvilli that help increase surface area?

Thick ascending limb

Which part of the nephron loop are chloride ions actively reabsorbed?