Chapter 24-

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what are the types of holoprosencephaly

1. alobar 2. lobar 3. semilobar

what are the main subtypes that are related to acrania?

1. anencephaly 2. exenephaly

what two structures dilate with DWM?

1. cisterna magna 2. fourth ventricle

what is absent with alobar?

1. corpus callosum 2. CSP 3. third ventricle 4. inter hemispheric fissure 5. falx cerebri

US findings of a teratoma

1. distorted brain structure 2. macrocephaly 3. calcifications

US signs of holo?

1. mono ventricle 2. fused loves of thalamus

at which week is the corpus callosum formed?

18w

what are newborns with vein of galen aneurysm prone to?

CHF

if the corpus callosum is absent, what else may be missing?

CSP

what is the most accurate fetal measurement at estimating gestational age?

HC

which syndrome is associated with cephalocele?

Meckel- Gruber syndrome

what will a corpus callosum lipoma appear as?

a solid, echogenic mass

definitive sign of DWM?

absent cerebellar vermis and enlarged fourth ventricle

what may hydranencephaly be confused with?

alobar holoprosencephaly hydrocephalus

the third ventricle communicates with the fourth ventricle via

aqueduct of sylvius

what can be confused with porencephaly?

arachnoid cysts

which neural tube defect is associated with cranial abnormalities and spina bifida?

arnold-chiari 2 malformation

where is the cerebral aqueduct located

between the third and fourth ventricle

what may be a cause of hydranencephaly?

bilateral occlusion of the internal carotids with destruction of the cerebral hemispheres 2. cytomegalovirus and toxoplasmosis

what US findings are consistent with intrauterine TORCH infections?

calcifications around ventricles and ventriculomegaly

what causes DWM?

caused by developmental abnormality in the roof of the fourth ventricle

what is a protrusion of intracranial contents through a skull defect?

cephalocele

which frequently encountered finding results in an increased risk of trisomy 18?

choroid plexus cyst

which intracranial tumor will produce an increase in the production of CSF?

choroid plexus papillomas

what is the term for small frontal horns and enlarged occipital horns/

colpocephaly

external signs of holo?

cyclopia 2. proboscis 3. anopthalmia 4. hypotelorism 5. median cleft lip 6. cebocephaly

what condition may occur if intracranial hemorrhage occurs within the parenchyma of the brain?

cystic cavities may form that communicate with the ventricular system leading to porencephaly

what is the most common in utero infection?

cytomegalobirus

agenesis or hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis results in what cerebral malformation?

dandy-walker malformation

why do an MCA study?

effective evaluation of hypoxia

sonographic findings of DWM?

enlarged cisterna magna that communicates with a distended fourth ventricle cerebellar vermis is absent tentorium separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum and is elevated

what is present/absent with hydranencephaly

falx: absent present: brain stem and basal ganglia

what are the brain and skull changes with spina bifida?

flattened frontal bones (lemon sign) cerebellum displaced inferiorly and posteriorly (banana sign) cisterna magna obliterated lateral vents distorted small frontal horns and enlarged occipital horns

what is the sonographic appearance of anencephaly?

frog like faces, bulging eyes, absence of cranial vault

where is an intracranial hemorrhage usually originating?

germinal matrix (intraventricular hemorrhage)

what is a midline brain anomaly associated with brain aberrations and atypical facial structures?

holoprosencephaly

what is a fatal condition in which the entire cerebrum is replaced by a large sac containing CSF

hydranencephaly

what are the sonographic findings of a vein of galen aneurysm?

large anechoic mass within the midline of the cranium that has a turbulent venous/arterial flow when dopplered

what is a condition in which there are no gyro within the cerebral cortex?

lissencephaly

what is the most common location of spina bifida?

lumbosacral region

what is the most common risk factor for fetal intrauterine intracranial hemorrhage?

maternal platelet disorders

DWM may be confused with?

mega cisterna magna

is the cerebellum is normal and the fourth ventricle is not enlarged, what disease may be suspected?

mega cisterna magna

aqueduct stenosis

most common cause of hydrocephalus in utero

what is anencephaly?

no cerebral hemispheres present

what is exencephaly?

normal amount of cerebral tissue without the skull

most common location for a cephalocele?

occipital region

in which condition will a cyst communicate with the ventricular system?

porencephaly

DWM affects which area of the brain?

posterior fossa

pathology of intracranial hemorrhage?

ruptured thin vessels of germinal matrix hemorrhage spreads to lateral ventricle may lead to noncommunicating hydrocephalus

where is the germinal matrix located?

subependymal layer of ventricles

what is the typical appearance of absent corpus callosum?

sunburst appearance of sulci colpocephaly (small fontal horns and enlarged occipital horns) dilated third ventricle

what is a common intracranial tumor?

teratoma

what is acrania?

the absence of the cranial vault above the bony orbits

what does torch screen for?

toxoplasmosis other infections rubella cytomegalovirus herpes

what other chromosomal abnormality is present with holoprosencephaly?

trisomy 13 (Patau)

a choroid plexus cyst could be associated with increased risk of

trisomy 18

what is an av malformation that occurs within the fetal brain?

vein of galen aneurysm

dangling choroid sign is synonymous with?

ventriculomegaly

what are the common criteria for an infant with an intracranial hemorrhage?

weight is less than 1500 g born prematurely (<32 weeks(

distinctive factor between hydranencephaly vs. hydro/ holoprosencephaly?

with hydrocephalus and holoprosencephaly there is a rim of cerebral tissue maintained

which aspects of a fetus produces AFP?

yolk sac, getal gastrointestinal tract, fetal liver


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