Chapter 24 Lesson Review

Describe European nationalism and persecution in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in which you define the terms pogrom and Zionism.

Europeans began to realize social darwinism could affect their own countries, and wanted to make their own countries the strongest. This nationalism led to the persecution of jews, as they were seen as weak and would make the countries weak. In Russia, pogroms appeared where Jews would be massacred. Many Jews fled the country and joined Zionism to regain their homeland.

How did the Second Industrial Revolution influence women's roles in society?

In the lower and middle classes, women worked the low paying white-collar jobs in order to provide extra income for their families. Women appeared more in the workforce for the lower classes, but in the upper classes, women remained at home as a sign of wealth that their husbands alone could provide all their income.

How did innovation change literature, the visual arts, and music in the late 1800s?

Innovation created a camera which brought many painters away from realism, as the camera could capture that for them. Instead, they tried to play with Human emotion and find different ways of expressing the world. Literature and music also followed the path of art. They sought to explore the world instead of describing it, and making their pieces speak directly to the viewer.

What social and economic effects did mass production and the assembly line have on the bourgeoisie?

Mass production and the assembly line allowed goods to be made and transported more quickly. Producing goods became more efficient, and the goods price began to drop. This helped the bourgeoisie because they could buy more goods with the same amount of money.

What role did nationalism play in the late 1800s?

Nationalism tried made countries even more independant. They began to believe in evolution and survival of the fittest and thought that countries would follow the same revolutionary track. They wanted to make their countries stronger by ridding it of everything they found weak, especially Jews.

How did scientific discoveries in the late 1800s impact the way people saw themselves and their world?

People realized that they have interacted with science all this time without noticing it. Marie Curie showed that atoms were teeming with energy and could even release some energy very slowly. This discovery made people realize more and understand more about the world around them.

Why did European cities grow so quickly in the nineteenth century?

Running water and internal drainage systems were used to make them more safe and more sanitary to live in. The workers wages were also increased and workers could find jobs in the city.

How was socialism a response to industrialization?

Socialists believed the the bourgeoisie oppressed the working class, and the set out to make a classless society. They wanted to improve working class standards either through the democratic system or a revolution.

How did society change as a result of industrialization?

Society started to advance very fast and was more connected with the rest of the world and its neighbors by train. The middle class was expanding, and the upper elite was growing. Many workers got better pay and more power in the government. Every male was getting more and more equal. Women also gained rights and started to try and get women suffrage.

Discuss the effects of technological breakthroughs on daily life and on world trade during the Second Industrial Revolution.

The second industrial revolution allowed many new inventions to flood the market and mass production allowed these goods to be available for cheaper. When electrical wires were used, the lightbulb became common and allowed factories to be open late at night and generators were used to operate the machinery.

What were the causes and effects of the Second Industrial Revolution in Western Europe?

The second industrial revolution made western Europe separated from northern Europe. Northern Europe produced all of the goods, made more money, and the workers living conditions were higher. In Western Europe, they produced all of the raw food and materials for Northern Europe and consequently had a lower standard of living.

How did class divisions in Europe change during the nineteenth century?

The upper middle class had joined the elite, but the rest of the middle class remained the same. There was also a new white-collar middle class that were salespeople and secretaries. The middle class was growing, but the upper class still remained at 5% of the population. The lowest class was the working class that worked in the factories of the cities. However, living standards had improved for this class.

Detail the changes in social structure that happened during the emergence of mass society.

The upper middle class started to merge with the upper class, while the middle class grew. Many of the poor farmers now worked in the factories in the cities, but they could join into the middle classes through farming again or white-collar work.

Why did members of the women's rights movement believe that suffrage was the key to improving the position of women in society?

They believed that if they could vote, it would show that they were equals in society. In addition, they also fought for the right to own property and tried to show that they could enter male dominated professions.

Describe the obstacles that trade unions faced in their effort to improve labor conditions.

Trade unions were made to increase the working class working standards and pay. They achieved these goals through striking. However, many governments made striking illegal.

Name four artists and identify characteristics of the art movements in which they participated.

Vincent Van Gogh- post-modernism, Claude Monet- modernism, Pablo Picasso- cubism, and Wassily Kandinsky- abstract.