Chapter 24 - Urinary system
48) Approximately ________ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day. A) 480 B) 180 C) 125 D) 18 E) 1.8
A) 480 49) What physiological process occurs at the structure labeled "2"? A) reabsorption B) excretion C) secretion D) filtration E) micturition
79) ________ is/are an immediately life-threatening condition. However, if an individual survives the incident, full recovery is often possible. A) Acute renal failure B) Chronic renal failure C) Dysuria D) Prostate enlargement E) Kidney stones
A) Acute renal failure
122) In the PCT, ions and organic substrates are actively removed, thus causing what to occur? A) An osmotic flow of water out of the tubular fluid. B) An increase in aquaporin channels in the membrane. C) An osmotic flow of water into the tubular fluid. D) An increase in sodium transporters in the membrane. E) A decrease in sodium transporters in the membrane.
A) An osmotic flow of water out of the tubular fluid.
126) What is a pyelogram? A) An x-ray image of the urinary system taken after a radiopaque dye was administered. B) An ultrasound of the kidneys to detect solid masses such as renal calculi. C) A study of the components of urine. D) A graph of the 24 hour glomerular filtration rate. E) A laparoscopic evaluation of the inside of the bladder and ureters.
A) An x-ray image of the urinary system taken after a radiopaque dye was administered.
53) The structure known as the juxtaglomerular complex is located near the A) proximal convoluted tubule. B) glomerulus. C) collecting duct. D) nephron loop. E) renal papilla.
B) glomerulus
60) Increased sympathetic tone can do all of the following except A) produce venoconstriction of blood reservoirs. B) increase the glomerular filtration rate. C) increase cardiac output. D) stimulate peripheral vasoconstriction. E) increase systemic blood
B) increase the glomerular filtration rate.
11) The renal sinus is A) the innermost layer of kidney tissue. B) part of a renal pyramid. C) an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule. D) a large branch of the renal pelvis. E) a renal corpuscle.
C) an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule.
75) Which of the tubules is impermeable to water? A) proximal convoluted tubule B) descending limb of the nephron loop C) ascending limb of the nephron loop D) distal convoluted tubule E) None of the answers is correct. All of the tubules are water-permeable.
C) ascending limb of the nephron loop
42) The afferent arteriole in the kidney A) is also known as the descending limb of the nephron loop. B) empties directly into the calyx of the medulla. C) carries blood to the glomerulus. D) carries blood from glomerular capsule to the nephron loop. E) returns blood to the inferior vena cava.
C) carries blood to the glomerulus.
84) Urine passes, in the order given, through which of the following structures? A) collecting duct, renal pelvis, urethra, bladder, ureter B) renal pelvis, collecting duct, bladder, ureter, urethra C) collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra D) renal pelvis, urethra, bladder, ureter, collecting duct E) collecting duct, ureter, renal pelvis, urethra, bladder
C) collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra
33) The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the A) nephron loop. B) proximal convoluted tubule. C) distal convoluted tubule. D) papillary tubule. E) calyx.
C) distal convoluted tubule.
43) Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine except A) hydrogen ions. B) urea. C) proteins. D) uric acid. E) creatinine.
C) proteins.
30) The glomerular capsule and the glomerulus make up the A) renal pyramid. B) nephron loop. C) renal corpuscle. D) renal papilla. E) collecting tubule system.
C) renal corpuscle.
97) Which structure is a conical mass within the renal medulla that ends at the papilla? A) renal sinus B) renal cortex C) renal pyramid D) renal column E) minor calyx
C) renal pyramid
46) Regarding kidney function, in ________, solutes are transported from the peritubular fluid across the tubular epithelium and into the tubular fluid. A) filtration B) reabsorption C) secretion D) both reabsorption and secretion E) filtration, reabsorption and secretion
C) secretion
85) The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium. A) stratified squamous B) pseudostratified columnar C) simple cuboidal D) transitional E) simple columnar
D) transitional
6) Urine is temporarily stored in the A) prostate gland. B) renal pelvis. C) gallbladder. D) urinary bladder. E) kidneys.
D) urinary bladder.
93) The inability to urinate is termed A) incontinence. B) dysuria. C) oliguria. D) urinary retention. E) urgency.
D) urinary retention.
22) Identify the structure labeled "6." A) renal pelvis B) minor calyx C) ureter D) major calyx E) renal column
E) renal column
105) In which direction do fluids and solutes move in each of the three kidney processes? A) During filtration, fluids move from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space; during reabsorption, fluids move from the tubular fluid into the peritubular fluid; during secretion, fluids move from the peritubular fluid into the tubular fluid. B) During filtration, fluids move from the peritubular fluid into the tubular fluid; during reabsorption, fluids move from the tubular fluid into the peritubular fluid; during secretion, fluids move from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space. C) During filtration, fluids move from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space; during reabsorption, fluids move from the peritubular fluid into the tubular fluid; during secretion, fluids move from the tubular fluid into the peritubular fluid. D) During filtration, fluids move from the tubular fluid into the peritubular fluid; during reabsorption, fluids move from the peritubular fluid into the tubular fluid; during secretion, fluids move from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space. E) During filtration, fluids move from the peritubular fluid into the tubular fluid; during reabsorption, fluids move from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space; during secretion, fluids move from the tubular fluid into the peritubular fluid.
A) During filtration, fluids move from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space; during reabsorption, fluids move from the tubular fluid into the peritubular fluid; during secretion, fluids move from the peritubular fluid into the tubular fluid.
115) What effect would increased amounts of aldosterone have on the K+ concentration in urine? A) It would increase the K+ concentration in urine because Na+ is retained. B) It would decrease the K+ concentration in urine because Na+ is retained. C) It would increase the K+ concentration in urine because Na+ is secreted with it. D) It would decrease the K+ concentration in urine because Na+ is secreted with it. E) It would not affect K+ concentration in the urine because Cl- is exchanged for Na+.
A) It would increase the K+ concentration in urine because Na+ is retained.
120) Compare obligatory water reabsorption with facultative water reabsorption. A) Obligatory water reabsorption cannot be prevented, whereas facultative water reabsorption can be precisely controlled. B) Obligatory water reabsorption can be precisely controlled, whereas facultative water reabsorption cannot be prevented. C) Obligatory water reabsorption occurs in the distal convoluted tubule under control of ADH, whereas facultative water reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule following the osmotic gradient. D) Obligatory water reabsorption occurs in the ascending limb of the nephron loop, whereas facultative water reabsorption occurs in the descending limb of the nephron loop. E) Obligatory water reabsorption is responsible for regulating the final concentration and volume of water lost in urine, whereas facultative water reabsorption is responsible for about 85 percent of water reabsorbed out of the filtrate.
A) Obligatory water reabsorption cannot be prevented, whereas facultative water reabsorption can be precisely controlled.
117) Define countercurrent multiplication as it occurs in the kidneys. A) The exchange of substances in the adjacent limbs of the nephron loop containing fluid moving in opposite directions. B) The exchange of substances in the adjacent limbs of the nephron loop containing fluid moving in the same directions. C) The cycling of urea from the collecting duct to the nephron loop and back. D) The bulk reabsorption of substances in the proximal convoluted tubule and the bulk movement of water due to osmosis. E) The secretion of ions in response to hormones in the distal convoluted tubule.
A) The exchange of substances in the adjacent limbs of the nephron loop containing fluid moving in opposite directions.
91) True or false? The micturition reflex is controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system. A) True B) False
A) True
1) Which of the following is not a function of the urinary system? A) excretes abundant protein molecules B) regulates blood volume C) contributes to stabilizing blood pH D) eliminates organic waste products E) regulates plasma concentrations of electrolyte
A) excretes abundant protein molecules
56) Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures. Which of those pressures is a pressure that favors the filtration pressure? A) glomerular hydrostatic pressure B) capsular hydrostatic pressure C) capsular colloid osmotic pressure D) blood colloid osmotic pressure E) urinary bladder hydrostatic pressure
A) glomerular hydrostatic pressure
59) One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to A) increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex. B) decrease secretion of aldosterone. C) increase release of angiotensin II by the suprarenal glands. D) increase filtration into glomerular (Bowman's) capsule. E) decrease urinary albumin concentration.
A) increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.
99) Which type of nephron is essential for water conservation and concentrated urine production? (Module 24.3C) A) juxtamedullary nephrons B) cortical nephrons C) medullary nephrons D) pyramidal nephrons E) pelvic nephrons
A) juxtamedullary nephrons
94) Name the major excretory organs of the urinary system. A) kidneys B) ureters C) urinary bladder D) urethra E) adrenal gland
A) kidneys
18) Major calyces are A) large tributaries of the renal pelvis. B) expanded ends of nephrons. C) basic functional layers of the kidney. D) conical structures that are located in the renal medulla. E) the expanded ends of renal pyramids.
A) large tributaries of the renal pelvis.
89) In French, it's "faire de pipi," in Spanish, it's "hacer pipí," in English, it's "I have to pee." What's the medical term for this universal urge to pass urine? A) micturition B) defecation C) degustation D) mastication E) filtration
A) micturition
38) The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ________ capillaries. A) peritubular B) glomerular C) vasa recta D) cortical E) efferent
A) peritubular
21) Identify the structure labeled "9." A) renal pelvis B) minor calyx C) ureter D) major calyx E) renal column
A) renal pelvis
14) Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called A) renal pyramids. B) renal columns. C) renal pelvises. D) nephrons. E) calyces.
A) renal pyramids.
24) Identify the structure labeled "5." A) renal sinus B) fibrous capsule C) renal pyramid D) renal papilla E) renal column
A) renal sinus
87) The area of the urinary bladder bounded by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra is called the A) trigone. B) rugae. C) vasa recta. D) detrusor muscle. E) lamina propria.
A) trigone.
41) The ________ is a capillary plexus that parallels the nephron loop. A) vasa recta B) lamina propria C) trigone D) renal corpuscle E) glomerulus
A) vasa recta
50) Where does most nutrient reabsorption occur? A) 2 B) 1 C) 4 D) 5 E) 6
B) 1
40) The following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney. 1. afferent arteriole 2. arcuate artery 3. interlobar artery 4. renal artery 5. glomerulus 6. cortical radiate artery 7. efferent arteriole 8. peritubular capillary What is the proper order in which blood passes through these vessels? A) 4, 6, 2, 3, 1, 5, 7, 8 B) 4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8 C) 4, 3, 2, 6, 7, 5, 1, 8 D) 4, 6, 2, 3, 7, 5, 1, 8 E) 4, 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 7, 8
B) 4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8
15) Put the following urinary structures in order to represent the flow of newly produced urine: 1) minor calyx 2) renal pelvis 3) ureter 4) major calyx 5) renal papilla A) 5,4,1,2,3 B) 5,1,4,2,3 C) 3,2,4,1,5 D) 3,1,4,5,2 E) 1,4,2,3,5
B) 5,1,4,2,3
123) Briefly explain the difference between chronic and acute renal failure. A) Chronic renal failure is a sudden loss of renal function, whereas acute renal failure is a gradual loss of renal function. B) Chronic renal failure is a gradual loss of renal function, whereas acute renal failure is a sudden loss of renal function. C) Chronic renal failure is a sudden loss in the ability to concentrate urine, whereas acute renal failure is a gradual loss in the ability to concentrate urine. D) Chronic renal failure is a gradual loss in the ability to concentrate urine, whereas acute renal failure is a sudden loss in the ability to concentrate urine. E) Chronic renal failure is the gradual loss in the ability to reabsorb glucose, whereas acute renal failure is a sudden loss in the ability to reabsorb glucose.
B) Chronic renal failure is a gradual loss of renal function, whereas acute renal failure is a sudden loss of renal function.
57) Which of the following formulas will allow you to calculate the net filtration pressure (FP)? (Hint: GHP = glomerular hydrostatic pressure, BCOP = blood colloidal osmotic pressure, CsHP = capsular hydrostatic pressure.) A) FP = GHP + CsHP - BCOP B) FP = GHP - (CsHP + BCOP) C) FP = CsHP + GHP - BCOP D) FP = BCOP - GHP + CsHP E) FP = BCOP + (GHP - CsHP)
B) FP = GHP - (CsHP + BCOP)
29) ________ nephrons are essential to water conservation and the production of concentrated urine. A) Cortical B) Juxtamedullary C) Both Cortical and Juxtamedullary nephrons D) Neither Cortical nor Juxtamedullary nephrons, as only collecting tubules conserve water
B) Juxtamedullary
112) Blood colloid osmotic pressure tends to draw water out of the filtrate and into the plasma. Why does this occur? (Module 24.8C) A) The solute concentration in the proximal convoluted tubule is higher than that of the distal convoluted tubule. B) The solute concentration in the blood exceeds that within the filtrate. C) The solute concentration in the filtrate exceeds that within the blood. D) The filtrate contains higher concentrations of protein than that within the blood. E) The filtrate contains higher numbers of red blood cells than that within the blood.
B) The solute concentration in the blood exceeds that within the filtrate.
31) A glomerulus is A) the expanded end of a nephron. B) a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle. C) the middle segment of the renal tubule. D) attached to the collecting duct. E) the horseshoe-shaped segment of the nephron.
B) a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle
107) Where does filtration exclusively occur in the kidney? A) across the glomerular capsule into the proximal convoluted tubule B) across the filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle C) across the simple squamous cells of the loop of Henle D) across the proximal convoluted tubule into the peritubular capillaries E) across the nephron loop into the vasa recta
B) across the filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle
81) Which of the following is characterized as a slowly progressing disease that is irreversible? A) acute renal failure B) chronic renal failure C) dysuria D) prostate enlargement E) kidney stones
B) chronic renal failure
86) The detrusor muscle A) moves urine along the ureters by peristalsis. B) compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra. C) functions as the internal urinary sphincter. D) functions as the external urinary sphincter. E) surrounds the renal pelvis.
B) compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra.
27) Eighty-five percent of nephrons in the human kidney are located in the ________ and have short nephron loops. A) medulla B) cortex C) fibrous capsule D) renal columns E) renal pelvis
B) cortex
92) The condition called ________ is characterized by painful or difficult urination. This condition can be due to pathologic or benign causes. A) incontinence B) dysuria C) pyelonephritis D) renal calculi E) urinary retention
B) dysuria
39) Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the A) afferent arteriole. B) efferent arteriole. C) vasa recta. D) cortical radiate artery. E) renal vein.
B) efferent arteriole
88) Peristaltic contractions, beginning at the renal pelvis, sweep along the ureter, forcing urine toward the urinary bladder. In a normal, healthy person, how often do these contractions occur? A) 12-15 times a minute B) every 30 seconds or so C) once every minute D) every 2 minutes E) It is not known how often these contractions occur.
B) every 30 seconds or so
26) The functional unit of the kidney is the A) calyx. B) nephron. C) collecting duct. D) kidney lobe. E) renal sinus.
B) nephron.
32) The filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the A) nephron loop. B) proximal convoluted tubule. C) distal convoluted tubule. D) collecting duct. E) minor calyx.
B) proximal convoluted tubule
34) The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is A) filtration. B) reabsorbing nutrients. C) secretion of acids and ammonia. D) secretion of drugs. E) adjusting the urine volume.
B) reabsorbing nutrients
102) Trace the pathway of blood from the renal artery to the renal vein. A) renal artery, cortical radiate arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobar arteries, segmental arteries, afferent arterioles, glomerulus, interlobar veins, arcuate veins, cortical radiate veins, renal vein B) renal artery, segmental arteries, interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, cortical radiate arteries, afferent arterioles, glomerulus, cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, renal vein C) renal artery, arcuate arteries, interlobar arteries, cortical radiate arteries, segmental arteries, afferent arterioles, glomerulus, interlobar veins, cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins, renal vein D) renal artery, afferent arterioles, glomerulus, segmental arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobar arteries, cortical radiate arteries, arcuate veins, cortical radiate veins, interlobar veins, renal vein E) renal artery, glomerulus, afferent arterioles, segmental arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobar arteries, cortical radiate arteries, cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, renal vein
B) renal artery, segmental arteries, interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, cortical radiate arteries, afferent arterioles, glomerulus, cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, renal vein
13) The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the A) renal papilla. B) renal pelvis. C) renal medulla. D) renal cortex. E) renal sinus
B) renal pelvis.
17) The expanded beginning of the ureter connects to the A) renal sinus. B) renal pelvis. C) renal calyx. D) renal hilum. E) renal corpuscle.
B) renal pelvis.
100) Describe filtrate. A) similar to blood plasma B) similar to blood plasma without proteins C) similar to blood plasma without proteins, hormones, glucose, and amino acids D) similar to cerebrospinal fluid E) similar to cerebrospinal fluid without proteins
B) similar to blood plasma without proteins
9) The left kidney lies ________ to the right kidney. A) slightly inferior B) slightly superior C) slightly posterior D) slightly transverse E) slightly ipsilateral
B) slightly superior
118) The thick ascending limb of the nephron loop actively pumps what substances into the peritubular fluid? A) water B) sodium and chloride ions C) potassium ions D) sodium and potassium ions E) sodium and hydrogen ions Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering
B) sodium and chloride ions
70) Which of the following is greater? A) the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the beginning of the nephron loop B) the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the bottom of the nephron loop C) The concentrations at the top and bottom are identical.
B) the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the bottom of the nephron loop
45) The most abundant waste solute in urine is A) potassium. B) urea. C) uric acid. D) protein. E) creatinine.
B) urea.
47) Regarding kidney function, in reabsorption, A) solutes enter the tubular fluid after exiting the peritubular fluid and crossing the tubular epithelium. B) water and solutes are transported from the tubular fluid, across the tubular, epithelium, and into the peritubular fluid. C) blood pressure forces water and solutes across the membranes of the glomerular capillaries and into the capsular space.
B) water and solutes are transported from the tubular fluid, across the tubular, epithelium, and into the peritubular fluid.
5) Typical renal blood flow is about ________ percent of cardiac output under resting conditions. A) 5 B) 10 C) 25 D) 40 E) 50
C) 25
121) What effect does ADH have on the apical plasma membranes lining the DCT and collecting ducts? A) ADH increases the sodium transporters in the apical plasma membranes lining the DCT and collecting ducts. B) ADH decreases the sodium transporters in the apical plasma membranes lining the DCT and collecting ducts. C) ADH increases the aquaporins in the apical plasma membranes lining the DCT and collecting ducts. D) ADH decreases the aquaporins in the apical plasma membranes lining the DCT and collecting ducts. E) ADH increases both sodium transporters and aquaporins in the apical plasma membranes lining the DCT and collecting ducts.
C) ADH increases the aquaporins in the apical plasma membranes lining the DCT and collecting ducts.
113) Describe autoregulation at the kidneys. A) Autoregulation is the process of maintaining GFR despite changes in local blood pressure and blood flow by releasing hormones that influence salt and water reabsorption in the kidney. B) Autoregulation is the process of maintaining GFR despite changes in local blood pressure and blood flow by activating the sympathetic nervous system. C) Autoregulation is the process of maintaining GFR despite changes in local blood pressure and blood flow by changing local responses in the kidney. D) Autoregulation is the process of maintaining GFR despite changes in local blood pressure and blood flow by activating the central nervous system. E) Autoregulation is the process of maintaining GFR despite changes in local blood pressure and blood flow by changing respiratory rate.
C) Autoregulation is the process of maintaining GFR despite changes in local blood pressure and blood flow by changing local responses in the kidney.
127) How does the urethra differ between males and females? A) The male urethra is shorter. B) The male urethra is longer. C) The male urethra is longer and also transports semen. D) The male urethra is shorter and also transports semen. E) The male urethra is the same length as the female but also transports semen.
C) The male urethra is longer and also transports semen.
119) An increase in sodium and chloride ions in the peritubular fluid affects the descending thin limb in what way? (Module 24.11C) A) When the osmotic concentration around the peritubular fluid increases around the descending limb the result is a decreased osmotic outflow of water. B) When the osmotic concentration around the peritubular fluid increases around the descending limb the result is secretion of potassium ions. C) When the osmotic concentration around the peritubular fluid increases around the descending limb the result is an increased osmotic outflow of water. D) When the osmotic concentration around the peritubular fluid increases around the descending limb the result is reabsorption of potassium ions. E) When the osmotic concentration around the peritubular fluid increases around the descending limb the result is secretion of hydrogen ions.
C) When the osmotic concentration around the peritubular fluid increases around the descending limb the result is an increased osmotic outflow of water.
83) All of the following structures are subject to a urinary tract infection except A) rugae. B) a urethra. C) a calyx. D) a trigone. E) ureteral openings.
C) a calyx.
4) Each of the following organs is part of the urinary system except the A) kidney. B) urinary bladder. C) adrenal glands. D) ureter. E) urethra.
C) adrenal glands
54) Substances larger than ________ do not pass through the filtration membrane. A) sodium ions B) glucose C) albumin D) amino acids E) urea
C) albumin
52) The filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle consists of what three layers? A) filtration slits, foot processes, and slit pores B) fenestrations, matrix, and foot processes C) endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits D) dense layer of glomerulus, foot processes, and fenestrations in the capsule E) podocyte filtration slits, matrix cells in the glomerulus, and endothelium of glomerulus
C) endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits
106) Identify the three distinct processes of urine formation in the kidney. A) filtration, reabsorption, and excretion B) filtration, excretion, and secretion C) filtration, reabsorption, and secretion D) reabsorption, secretion, and excretion E) secretion, excretion, and elimination
C) filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
20) Which of the following descriptions best matches the term calyx? A) releases renin B) superficial portion of the kidney C) final urine enters here D) initial filtrate enters here E) tip of the medullary pyramid
C) final urine enters here
101) Identify the structures of the renal corpuscle. A) glomerular capsule and the proximal convoluted tubule B) collecting duct and papillary duct C) glomerular capsule and glomerulus D) proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule E) glomerular capsule and nephron loop
C) glomerular capsule and glomerulus
55) The process of filtration is driven by A) active transport. B) blood colloid osmotic pressure. C) glomerular hydrostatic pressure. D) renal pumping. E) net filtration pressure.
C) glomerular hydrostatic pressure.
7) All of the following are true of the kidneys except that they are A) located in a position that is retroperitoneal. B) surrounded by a fibrous capsule. C) located partly within the pelvic cavity. D) held in place by the renal fascia. E) covered by peritoneum.
C) located partly within the pelvic cavity.
108) Which segment of the nephron is solely involved in the reabsorption of water and sodium and chloride ions? A) glomerular capsule B) proximal convoluted tubule C) nephron loop D) distal convoluted tubule E) collecting duct
C) nephron loop
67) Countercurrent multiplication takes place in the A) collecting duct. B) distal convoluted tubule. C) nephron loop. D) glomerular capsule. E) glomerulus.
C) nephron loop.
116) What effect would a decrease in the Na+ concentration of filtrate have on the pH of tubular fluid? (Module 24.10C) A) pH would increase because more hydrogen ions could be secreted by countertransport. B) pH would decrease because more hydrogen ions could be secreted by countertransport. C) pH would increase because fewer hydrogen ions could be secreted by countertransport. D) pH would decrease because fewer hydrogen ions could be secreted by countertransport. E) pH would not be affected because hydrogen ions are countertransported with K+ not Na+.
C) pH would increase because fewer hydrogen ions could be secreted by countertransport.
35) The ________ delivers urine to a minor calyx. A) nephron loop B) distal convoluted tubule C) papillary duct D) renal corpuscle E) ureter
C) papillary duct
23) Identify the structure labeled "8." A) renal sinus B) fibrous capsule C) renal pyramid D) renal papilla E) renal column
D) renal papilla
95) What structures enter and exit the kidney at the hilum? A) the renal artery and ureter enter; the renal vein and the urethra exit at the hilum B) the renal vein and urethra enter; the renal artery and ureter exit at the hilum C) the renal artery and renal nerves enter; the renal vein and ureter exit at the hilum D) the renal artery and vein enter; the renal nerves exit at the hilum E) the renal artery and renal nerves enter; the renal vein and urethra exit at the hilum
C) the renal artery and renal nerves enter; the renal vein and ureter exit at the hilum
3) Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by A) blood vessels. B) lymphatics. C) the ureters. D) the urethra. E) the calyces.
C) the ureters.
37) Which of the following is not found in the area labeled "3." A) glomeruli B) proximal convoluted tubules C) vasa recta D) distal convoluted tubules E) peritubular capillaries
C) vasa recta
74) A healthy adult typically produces ________ of urine per day. A) 25 mL B) 250 mL C) 500 mL D) 1200 mL E) 2500 mL
D) 1200 mL
10) From deep to superficial, put the following layers of the kidney in order: 1) renal capsule 2) perinephric fat 3) cortex 4) renal fascia A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 3, 1, 4, 2 C) 3, 4, 1, 2 D) 3, 1, 2, 4 E) 4, 2, 1, 3
D) 3, 1, 2, 4
124) Define dialysis. A) Dialysis is the breakdown of renal epithelial cells due to toxins. B) Dialysis is the process of transplanting a kidney into a person whose kidney are not functioning properly. C) Dialysis is the process of reducing blood pressure by taking diuretics to increase urine volume. D) Dialysis is the process of using an artificial semipermeable membrane to remove wastes and retain plasma proteins in the blood of a person whose kidneys are not functioning properly. E) Dialysis is caused by the backup of urine into the kidneys due to a blockage in the ureter.
D) Dialysis is the process of using an artificial semipermeable membrane to remove wastes and retain plasma proteins in the blood of a person whose kidneys are not functioning properly.
114) What does the juxtaglomerular complex do in response to decreased filtration pressure? A) It increases aldosterone production and release. B) It increases ADH production and release. C) It decreases ADH production and release. D) It increases renin production and release. E) It decreases renin production and release.
D) It increases renin production and release.
98) Compare the minor and major calyces. A) The minor calyx is an internal cavity and the major calyx is an external cavity. B) The minor calyces are located in the renal cortex and the major calyces are located in the renal medulla. C) The minor calyces are located in the renal medulla and the major calyces are located in the renal cortex. D) The minor calyces collect urine from a single lobe and the major calyces collect urine from 4-5 minor calyces. E) The minor calyces collect urine from juxtamedullary nephrons and the major calyces collect urine from cortical nephrons.
D) The minor calyces collect urine from a single lobe and the major calyces collect urine from 4-5 minor calyces.
104) Define the vasa recta. A) The vasa recta contains sympathetic postganglionic fibers. B) The vasa recta contain the afferent and efferent arterioles. C) The vasa recta contain parasympathetic postganglionic fibers. D) The vasa recta are long, straight capillaries that that parallel the nephron loop. E) The vasa recta are capillaries that surround the entire renal tubule.
D) The vasa recta are long, straight capillaries that that parallel the nephron loop.
76) At which point is the osmotic concentration of filtrate highest? A) as it leaves the glomerular capsule B) as it enters the proximal convoluted tubule C) as it enters the descending limb of the nephron loop D) at the deepest point of the nephron loop between the descending and ascending limbs of the nephron loop E) as it blends with tubular fluid in the distal convoluted tubule
D) at the deepest point of the nephron loop between the descending and ascending limbs of the nephron loop
71) When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases, A) more urine is produced. B) less urine is produced. C) the osmolarity of the urine decreases. D) both more urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine decreases E) both less urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine decreases.
D) both more urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine decreases.
16) Renal columns are A) internal cavities lined by the fibrous capsule. B) expanded ends of the ureters. C) the basic functional units of the kidney. D) bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex. E) conical structures that are located in the renal medulla.
D) bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex.
68) Chloride ion is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by A) simple diffusion. B) facilitated diffusion. C) active transport. D) cotransport with Na ions. E) countertransport for bicarbonate ion.
D) cotransport with Na ions.
69) Which of the following descriptions does not describe a function of the nephron loop? A) relies on countercurrent multiplication B) creates high NaCl concentration in the renal medulla C) enables production of hypertonic urine D) enables production of hypotonic urine E) None of the answers is correct.
D) enables production of hypotonic urine
12) The outermost layer of the kidney is the A) renal cortex. B) renal medulla. C) major calyx. D) fibrous capsule. E) renal pelvis.
D) fibrous capsule.
49) What physiological process occurs at the structure labeled "2"? A) reabsorption B) excretion C) secretion D) filtration E) micturition
D) filtration
8) The prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the A) calyx. B) pelvis. C) ureter. D) hilum. E) pyramid.
D) hilum.
82) An X-ray image of the urinary system is called a A) urogram. B) renogram. C) nephrograph. D) pyelogram. E) pelvigram.
D) pyelogram.
58) Autoregulation of the rate of glomerular filtration does not depend on A) changes in the afferent arteriole. B) changes in the mesangial cells. C) changes in the efferent arteriole. D) release of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex. E) None of the answers is correct
D) release of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.
80) The inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is termed A) glomerulonephritis. B) polycystic kidney disease. C) calculi. D) renal failure. E) hematuria.
D) renal failure.
66) In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce A) a larger volume of urine. B) urine with a higher concentration of sodium ions. C) urine with a lower concentration of potassium ions. D) urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions. E) urine with less glucose.
D) urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions
2) Put the following urinary structures in order as urine is produced and eliminated from the body 1) liver. 2) urinary bladder. 3) kidney. 4) ureter. 5) urethra. A) 1,3,2,4,5 B) 3,1,4,2,5 C) 3,5,2,4 D) 2,1,3,4,5 E) 3,4,2,5
E) 3,4,2,5
51) Which structure is the collecting duct? A) 1 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5 E) 6
E) 6
61) As the filtrate passes through the renal tubules, approximately what percentage is reabsorbed and returned to the circulation? A) 1 B) 38 C) 63 D) 74 E) 99
E) 99
64) What percentage of nutrients (glucose, amino acids, etc.) is reabsorbed in the PCT? A) 25 B) 50 C) 75 D) 90 E) 99
E) 99
103) Describe how blood enters and leaves the glomerulus. A) Blood enters by the renal artery and leaves by the renal vein. B) Blood enters by the interlobar arteries and leaves by the interlobar veins. C) Blood enters by the segmental arteries and leaves by the segmental veins. D) Blood enters by the cortical radiate arteries and leaves by the cortical radiate veins. E) Blood enters by the afferent arteriole and leaves by the efferent arteriole.
E) Blood enters by the afferent arteriole and leaves by the efferent arteriole.
110) Explain why blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries than in other systemic capillaries. A) Blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries because the efferent arteriole drains into peritubular capillaries. B) Blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries because the distal convoluted tubule constricts the afferent arteriole. C) Blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries because the kidneys are in close proximity to the renal arteries. D) Blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries because less proteins enter the afferent arterioles. E) Blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries because the efferent arteriole has a smaller diameter than the afferent arteriole.
E) Blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries because the efferent arteriole has a smaller diameter than the afferent arteriole.
90) During the micturition reflex, A) stimulation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall sends impulses to the lumbar spinal cord. B) sympathetic motor neurons that control the detrusor muscle become active. C) the internal sphincter is consciously relaxed. D) the external sphincter is unconsciously relaxed. E) None of the answers is correct.
E) None of the answers is correct.
96) What would happen to a kidney's position if the perinephric fat layer were depleted and the collagen fibers of the fibrous capsule were to become detached? A) The kidneys would be pulled anteriorly. B) The kidneys would be pulled posteriorly. C) The kidneys would be pulled medially. D) The kidneys would be pulled laterally. E) The kidneys would fall inferiorly.
E) The kidneys would fall inferiorly.
72) The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of A) the proximal convoluted tubule. B) the distal convoluted tubule. C) the collecting duct. D) the nephron loop. E) both the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct.
E) both the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct.
65) The DCT secretes hydrogen ions in exchange for sodium ions by the process of A) diffusion. B) facilitated diffusion. C) osmosis. D) cotransport. E) energy-dependent exchange pump.
E) energy-dependent exchange pump.
109) What three elements form the filtration membrane? A) intraglomerular mesangial cells, afferent arteriole, and efferent arteriole B) visceral layer of the glomerular capsule, parietal layer of the glomerular capsule, and the macula densa C) macula densa, extraglomerular mesangial cells, juxtaglomerular cells D) glomerular capsule, fenestrated endothelium, and intraglomerular mesangial cells E) fenestrated endothelium, basement membrane, and foot processes of the podocyte
E) fenestrated endothelium, basement membrane, and foot processes of the podocyte
62) The amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys each minute is called the A) corpuscular output. B) autoregulation capacity. C) filtration ratio. D) net filtration pressure. E) glomerular filtration rate.
E) glomerular filtration rate.
36) The process of filtration occurs at the A) proximal convoluted tubule. B) distal convoluted tubule. C) collecting duct. D) nephron loop. E) glomerulus.
E) glomerulus.
44) Which of the following substances is not secreted A) hydrogen. B) penicillin. C) creatinine. D) potassium ions. E) glucose.
E) glucose.
28) Nephrons located close to the medulla with long nephron loops are called A) calyces. B) columnar nephrons. C) cortical nephrons. D) perimedullary nephrons. E) juxtamedullary nephrons.
E) juxtamedullary nephrons.
63) Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following except A) active transport. B) facilitated diffusion. C) secondary active transport. D) osmosis. E) phagocytosis.
E) phagocytosis.
73) The mechanism for producing concentrated urine involves all of the following except A) the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). B) aquaporins being inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct cells. C) a high concentration of NaCl in the fluid surrounding the collecting ducts. D) a properly functioning nephron loop. E) the release of natriuretic peptides.
E) the release of natriuretic peptides.
19) Which of the following descriptions best matches the term "renal papilla"? A) releases renin B) granular tissue separating renal pyramids C) final urine enters here D) initial filtrate enters here E) tip of the medullary pyramid
E) tip of the medullary pyramid
125) When does urine production end? A) when the fluid enters the distal convoluted tubule B) when the fluid enters the collecting ducts C) when the fluid enters the papillary ducts D) when the fluid enters the minor calyx E) when the fluid enters the renal pelvis
E) when the fluid enters the renal pelvis