Chapter 25

139) In response to the hormone secretin, the pancreas secretes a fluid: A) Rich in bicarbonate. B) That contains only proteinases. C) That contains only amylase. D) Rich in bile. E) Rich in enzymes.

A) Rich in bicarbonate.

58) The most striking aspect of intestinal histology is the: A) Variety of the cells lining the mucosa. B) Large number of goblet cells. C) Large number of endocrine cells. D) Complexity of the enzyme-secreting cells. E) Adaptations for increasing absorptive area.

E) Adaptations for increasing absorptive area.

115) ___ are also known as canines. A) Incisors B) Secondary teeth C) Molars D) Bicuspids E) Cuspids

E) Cuspids

108) The salivary gland produces ________ liters of saliva each day. A) 1.0 B) 1.3 C) 1.7 D) 2.0 E) 2.3

B) 1.3

65) An intestinal hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile is: A) Enterokinase. B) Cholecystokinin. C) Gastrin. D) GIP (Gastric inhibitory peptide) E) Secretin.

B) Cholecystokinin (CCK)

54) The duodenal ampulla is formed by the fusion of the: A) Duodenum & the pancreatic duct. B) Common bile duct and the pancreatic duct. C) Duodenum with the jejunum. D) Duodenum and the bile duct. E) Duodenum with the pylorus.

B) Common bile duct and the pancreatic duct.

66) An intestinal hormone that stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreatic islet cells is: A) Enterocrinin. B) Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP). C) Cholecystokinin. D) Secretin. E) Enterokinase.

B) Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP).

107) Which of the following is responsible for stabilizing the liver? A) mesentery proper B) falciform ligament C) greater omentum D) diaphragm E) lesser omentum

B) falciform ligament

3) Which of the following is not a digestive function? A) mechanical processing B) absorption C) filtration D ingestion E) compaction

C) Filtration

39) Parietal cells secrete: A) Enterokinase. B) Pepsinogen. C) Hydrochloric acid. D) Mucus. E) gastrin

C) Hydrochloric acid.

112) What stabilizes the position of the stomach and provides an access route for blood vessels entering and leaving the liver? A) falciform ligament B) greater omentum C) lesser omentum D) diaphragm E) mesentery proper

C) lesser omentum

94) Movements unique to the large intestine are ________ movements. A) peristaltic B) churning C) mass D) pendular E) segmentation

C) mass

145) A drug that blocks the action of the hormone cholecystokinin would affect: A) The composition of pancreatic secretions. B) The level of intestinal gastrin. C) Secretions of the duodenal glands. D) The amount of bile produced by the liver. E) both C and D

A) The composition of pancreatic secretions.

147) If the pancreatic duct were obstructed, you would expect to see elevated blood levels of A) Bilirubin. B) Cholecystokinin. C) Secretin. D) Amylase. E) Gastrin.

D) Amylase.

125) If the lingual frenulum is too restrictive, an individual: A) Cannot control movements of the tongue. B) Has difficulty tasting food. C) Cannot swallow properly. D) Cannot eat or speak normally. E) Can do all of these with no difficulty.

D) Cannot eat or speak normally.

92) The saclike structure that joins the ileum at the ileocecal valve is the A) Haustra. B) Sigmoid colon. C) Appendix. D) Cecum. E) Rectum.

D) Cecum.

83) All of the following are true of the intestinal phase of gastric digestion, except that it: A) Begins when chyme enters the small intestine. B) Involves both neural and endocrine reflexes. C) Functions to control the rate of gastric emptying. D) Ends when fat enters the small intestine. E) Helps ensure that the functions of the small intestine proceed with relative efficiency.

D) Ends when fat enters the small intestine.

63) An intestinal hormone that stimulates the secretion of the duodenal glands is: A) Cholecystokinin. B) Secretin. C) Gastrin. D) Enterocrinin. E) GIP.

D) Enterocrinin.

123) The hormone that stimulates the secretion of the stomach and contraction of the stomach walls is: A) Cholecystokinin. B) Enterokinase. C) Secretin. D) Gastrin. E) CCK.

D) Gastrin.

138) A blockage of the ducts from the parotid glands would: A) Impair the lubricating properties of saliva. B) Result in the production of more viscous saliva. C) Eliminate the sense of taste. D) Interfere with carbohydrate digestion in the mouth. E) both B and C

D) Interfere with carbohydrate digestion in the mouth.

151) The oral cavity is also known as the buccal cavity. A) True B) False

A) True

152) There are normally a total of 20 primary teeth. A) True B) False

A) True

110) Identify the salivary gland that secretes a mixture of buffers, glycoproteins, and salivary amylase. A) submandibular B) lingual C) sublingual D) parotid E) mandibular

A) submandibular

64) An intestinal hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release a watery secretion that is high in bicarbonate ion is: A) Enterocrinin. B) GIP. C) Cholecystokinin. D) Secretin. E) Gastrin.

D) Secretin.

170) Dave is under a lot of stress at his job and at home. He begins to feel discomfort and a burning sensation in his abdomen after a meal, and after consulting a doctor finds that he has developed a duodenal ulcer. He doesn't understand how being nervous would cause the ulcer, and asks you to explain. What would you tell him?

Answer The body's normal response to stress is increased sympathoadrenal activity. Increased stimulation of the digestive tract by the sympathetic nerves would cause a decrease in mucus secretion in the small intestine as well as decreased motility. After a meal, the acid chyme would not be neutralized as efficiently because of the increased mucus, and the irritating action would remain longer because of the decreased motility. In addition, bile that may enter from the liver has a detergent action that would further remove the mucus protection from the cells, making them more vulnerable to the effects of the stomach acid.

132) Muscles known as the pharyngeal constrictors function in: A) Moving the tongue. B) Mastication. C) Esophageal peristalsis. D) Swallowing. E) Opening the cardiac sphincter.

D) Swallowing.

99) The "muscular tube" of the digestive system can also be referred to as the A) GI tract. B) Esophagus. C) Alimentary canal. D) both A and C E) all of the above

D) both A and C

71) In the center of a liver lobule there is a: A Sinusoid. B) Hepatic duct. C) portal vein. D) central vein. E) Portal area.

D) central vein.

28) Which of the following is false about secretions from the salivary glands? A) help lubricate the oral cavity and its contents B) contain enzymes for the digestion of complex carbohydrates C) help control bacterial populations in the mouth D) contain enzymes for the digestion of simple sugars E) are mostly water

D) contain enzymes for the digestion of simple sugars

131) A molecule that blocks the action of pacesetter cells would: A) Decrease gastric secretion. B) Increase gastric secretion. C) Increase intestinal motility. D) Not interfere with either intestinal motility or gastric secretion. E) Decrease intestinal motility.

E) Decrease intestinal motility.

137) In response to the arrival of acid chyme in the duodenum, the: A) Blood levels of secretin rise. B) Blood levels of gastrin rise. C) Blood levels of enterocrinin fall. D) Blood levels of cholecystokinin fall. E) both C and D

A) Blood levels of secretin rise.

95) The enzyme alpha amylase helps digest: A) Complex carbohydrates. B) Nucleic acids. C) lipids. D) proteins. E) simple sugars.

A) Complex carbohydrates.

18) The functions of the oral cavity include all of the following, except: A) Digestion of cholesterol fats. B) Mechanical processing of food. C) Lubrication. D) Digestion of carbohydrates. E) Analysis of material before swallowing.

A) Digestion of cholesterol fats.

85) The gastroileal reflex: A) Makes room for more intestinal contents by moving some chyme to the colon. B) Promotes gastric secretion. C) Is a solely endocrine reflex. D) Decreases peristaltic activity. E) Is responsible for emptying the duodenum.

A) Makes room for more intestinal contents by moving some chyme to the colon.

72) The exocrine portion of the pancreas is composed of: A) Pancreatic acini. B) Pancreatic lobules. C) Pancreatic crypts. D) Islets of Langerhans. E) Triads.

A) Pancreatic acini.

169) Jack has just had some dental work done during which the dentist used a topical anesthetic to deaden sensation in the oral cavity. Some of the anesthetic has numbed the pharynx, and the dentist cautions Jack about eating anything until the numbness wears off. Jack is hungry and so he ignores the warning and goes to McDonald's to masticate a Big Mac. As he tries to swallow the bolus, he begins to gag. Can you offer an explanation as to why this occurs?

Answer The deglutition or swallowing reflex is initiated when a bolus of food is positioned in such a way as to stimulate tactile receptors on the palatal arches and uvula. If these areas are still unresponsive as a result of the anesthetic, the bolus can be pushed back by the tongue but no muscle contractions will occur to move the food into the pharynx or elevate the larynx. Some of the saliva or parts of the bolus are likely to fall into the laryngopharynx, stimulating a gag reflex (assuming that these receptors are not affected by the anesthetic). If this is the case, it is unlikely that the pharynx will be able to move the bolus back to the oral cavity, and Jack will temporarily be in a very uncomfortable position.

171) Leon has gallstones. His doctor puts him on a diet low in fat. Why?

Answer The gallbladder functions to concentrate and store bile produced by the liver. In this capacity, the gallbladder reabsorbs water from the bile. Since bile salts are produced from cholesterol, these salts will be precipitated as cholesterol-like gallstones if too much water is reabsorbed. Whenever bile is released by the gallbladder in response to the presence of fats in the duodenum, the smooth muscle in the wall of the gallbladder must contract. This generates pain and a burning sensation. To minimize or prevent this pain Leon's doctor prescribes a diet low or absent in fat: no fat in the diet, no contraction of the gallbladder, and no pain.

172) Barb has Crohn's disease, a regional inflammation of the intestine. The disease is thought to have some genetic basis, but the actual cause is as yet unknown. When the disease flares up, she experiences abdominal pain, weight loss, and anemia. Which part(s) of the intestine is (are) probably involved, and what is the cause of Barb's symptoms?

Answer The small intestine, especially the jejunum and ileum, is probably involved. Regional inflammation is the cause of Barb's pain. The inflamed tissue will not absorb nutrients; hence, she is losing weight. Among the nutrients that are not absorbed are iron and vitamin B12, which are necessary for formation of hemoglobin and red blood cells; thus, she has developed anemia.

173) What symptoms would you expect to observe in a person whose small intestine is blocked at the level of the jejunum?

Answer You would expect to observe pain as the intestinal contents continued to accumulate and stretch the intestinal wall. The abdomen would be distended in the region proximal to the obstruction. Because material cannot leave the small intestine, increased distension and irritation would lead to vomiting, further increasing pressure on the intestine. The vomited material would contain bile, because the blocked intestine would absorb very little bile. No feces or intestinal gas would be produced because the blockage would prevent movement into the large intestine. Because the blockage is in the region of the jejunum, some absorption of nutrients would take place, but not as much as normal due to the distention and the irritation of the intestinal lining. Various symptoms of malnutrition would result.

148) Mary has a disease that causes a large portion of her gastric mucosa to atrophy. This results in significantly less secretion by the gastric glands. As a result of this condition you would expect Mary to have A) Diarrhea. B) pernicieuses anemia. C) protein malnutrition. D) Dehydration. E) Obstructive bowel disease.

B) pernicieuses anemia.

68) The enzyme enterokinase: A) Functions in carbohydrate digestion. B) Stimulates release of pancreatic secretions. C) Activates protein-digesting enzymes. D) Functions in lipid digestion. E) Stimulates the release of bile.

C) Activates protein-digesting enzymes.

73) Each of the following is a function of the liver, except: A) Synthesis and secretion of bile. B) Synthesis of plasma proteins. C) Antibody production. D) Storage of glycogen and lipid reserves. E) Inactivation of toxins.

C) Antibody production.

25) The root of a tooth is covered by: A) Pulp. B) The root canal. C) Cementum. D) Enamel. E) Dentin.

C) Cementum.

35) ________ are pointed teeth that are adapted for tearing & shredding. A) Molars B) Incisors C) Cuspids D) Wisdom teeth E) Bicuspids

C) Cuspids

146) An obstruction of the cystic duct would result in: A) Pancreatitis. B) Inability to digest protein. C) Jaundice. D) An inability to absorb water-soluble vitamins. E) Increased sugar in the chyme.

C) Jaundice.

55) The plicae circulares achieve maximum size and the villi are most developed in the: A) Stomach. B) Pancreas. C) Jejunum. D) Duodenum. E) Colon.

C) Jejunum.

4) The lamina propria and mucous epithelium are components of the: A) Muscularis mucosa. B) Serosa. C) Mucosa. D) Adventitia. E) Submucosa.

C) Mucosa

40) Chief cells secrete: A) Hydrochloric acid. B) Mucus. C) Pepsinogen. D) Gastrin. E) Intrinsic factor.

C) Pepsinogen.

1) Each of the following organs is a component of the digestive tract, except the: A) Pharynx. B) Stomach. C) Spleen. D) Esophagus. E) Colon.

C) Spleen

141) Digestion of a carbohydrate results in large amounts of the monosaccharides glucose and galactose. This carbohydrate was probably: A) Cellulose. B) Maltose. C) Sucrose. D) Glycogen. E) Lactose.

C) Sucrose.

143) The stomach is able to distend a great deal as it receives food because of all of the following, except that A) There is a great deal of loose tissue in the form of rugae. B) Increased sympathetic stimulation during filling of the stomach decreases the tonus of the gastric smooth muscle. C) The hormone gastrin aids in the relaxation of stomach smooth muscle. D) The smooth muscle of the stomach is very elastic. E) The mucosa of the stomach is very elastic.

C) The hormone gastrin aids in the relaxation of stomach smooth muscle.

27) During deglutition: A) The upper esophageal sphincter opens. B) The larynx elevates and the epiglottis opens. C) The soft palate elevates. D) all of the above E) A and C only

E) A and C only

82) The gastric phase of gastric secretion is triggered by the: A) Entry of chyme into the small intestine. B) Release of cholecystokinin and secretin by the small intestine. C) Entry of chyme into the large intestine. D) Sight, thought, or smell of food. E) Entry of food into the stomach.

E) Entry of food into the stomach.

41) Enteroendocrine cells of the stomach secrete: A) Secretin. B) Pepsin. C) Cholecystokinin. D) Enterokinase. E) Gastrin.

E) Gastrin.

61) The portion of the small intestine that attaches to the large intestine is the: A) Cecum. B) Duodenum. C) Appendix. D) Jejunum. E) Ileum.

E) Ileum.

11) The layer of loose connective tissue beneath the digestive epithelium is the: A) Submucosal plexus. B) Myenteric plexus. C) Submucosa. D) Muscularis mucosae. E) Lamina propria.

E) Lamina propria.

88) At the hepatic flexure, the colon becomes the: A) Descending colon. B) Ascending colon. C) Rectum. D) Sigmoid colon. E) Transverse colon.

E) Transverse colon.

34) ________ are blade-shaped teeth that function in cutting or chopping. A) Molars B) Canines C) Cuspids D) Bicuspids E) Incisors

E) incisors