Chapter 26
Who was Orville Brown?What did he do after Brown decision?
Governor of Arkansas.He said he will not let the black kids into the school.
Who helped lead the boycott?
Martin Luther King Jr.
What methods of protest did he use?
call for nonviolent, but active opposition to the methods of the grape growers against the workers. Boycott
Who were the Freedom Riders?
civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated southern United States in order to challenge the non-enforcement of the United States Supreme Court decisions Morgan v. Virginia and Boynton v. Virginia, which ruled that segregated
What happened at the March on Washington on Aug 28, 1963?
more than a quarter of a million protestors gathered to hear Dr. Martin Luther King deliver his 'I Have a Dream' speech.
Who was Jackie Robinson?
the first black athlete to play Major League Baseball in the 20th century. Blacks had to lay in the negro league.
What is civil disobedience?
the refusal to comply with unjust laws or to pay taxes and fines, as a peaceful form of political protest.
What is NOW?
The National Organization for Women is an American feminist organization founded in 1966. The organization consists of 550 chapters in all 50 U.S. states and in Washington, D.C.
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Ho long did the boycott last?
381 days. Emmett Till got killed for say bye baby to a white women.
What happened in Selma, Alabama?
600 civil rights marchers headed east out of Selma on U.S. Route 80. They got only as far as the Edmund Pettus Bridge six blocks away, where state and local lawmen attacked them with billy clubs and tear gas and drove them back into Selma.
What happened in Birmingham in 1963?
A bomb blast at the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama, kills four African-American girls during church services. Police attacked Freedom Riders when they came off a bus
Who was Stokley Charmichael?
A prominent American figure in the Civil Rights Movement in the United States and the global Pan-African movement. SNCC Student non violent coordinating committee
What happened in Watts?
A young African American motorist, was pulled over and arrested by Lee W. Minikus, a white California Highway Patrolman, for suspicion of driving while intoxicated.
What was the Voting rights Act of 1965? 24th Amendement?
Aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote as guaranteed under the 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Banned the poll Tax?
What is AARP?Who were the Gray Panthers?
American Association of Retired Persons.multi-generational local advocacy networks in the United States which confront ageism and many other social justice issues. The organization was formed by Maggie Kuhn in response to her forced retirement from the Presbyterian Church.
Who was Thurgood Marshall?
American lawyer, serving as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States First African American on the supreme court.
Who was Cesar Chavez?
An American labor leader and civil rights activist who, with Dolores Huerta, co-founded the National Farm Workers Association in 1962.
Who was Ella Graso?
An American politician and member of the Democratic Party who served as the 83rd Governor of Connecticut.
Who was Shirley Chisolm?
An American politician, educator, and author. In 1968, she became the first black woman elected to the United States Congress, and she represented New York's 12th Congressional District for seven terms from 1969 to 1983.
Who is Fannie Lou Hamer?
An American voting and women's rights activist, community organizer, and a leader in the Civil Rights Movement.
What is Affirmative Action?
An action or policy favoring those who tend to suffer from discrimination, especially in relation to employment or education; positive discrimination.
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What is CORE?
Congress Of Racial Equality- Organized Freeedom Riders
What was the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
Ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. ( Jim Crow)
What did Pres. Truman do with the military in 1948?
Executive Order 9981 was an executive order issued on July 26, 1948, by President Harry S. Truman. It abolished racial discrimination in the United States Armed Forces and eventually led to the end of segregation in the services.
How did Pres Eisenhower show he would enforce the law?
He met the governor. The governor just removed the national guard. then the governor said that they can't because of safety problems. then Pres. called the military to protect them.
How did Malcom X change his views?
In one of his speeches after his Mecca trip, he writes: ... It is at this time Malcolm X had changed his name from the Nation of Islam trademark of "X" to a traditional orthodox Muslim name, Malik El- Shabazz. He gets killed for changing his belief
What was the Plessy v Ferguson decision?
In the case of Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the US Supreme Court ruled that segregation in public education was unconstitutional. Plessy v. Ferguson was never overturned by the Supreme Court.
Who was Malcom X?
Malcolm Little, Muslim name el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz African American leader and prominent figure in the Nation of Islam who articulated concepts of race pride and black nationalism in the early 1960s.
What was the Americans With Disabilities Act?
Passed in 190 it outlawed discrimination in hiring. People with physical or mental impairments.
Why were people sitting in at lunch counters?
Racial inequality
What is De Jure segregation?
Racial segregation, especially in public schools, that happens "by fact" rather than by legal requirement. For example, often the concentration of African-Americans in certain neighborhoods produces neighborhood schools that are predominantly black although not by law
What is De Facto Segregation?
Racial segregation, especially in public schools, that happens "by fact" rather than by legal requirement. For example, often the concentration of African-Americans in certain neighborhoods produces neighborhood schools that are predominantly black, or segregated in fact
What is a boycott?
Refuse to use
Who is Betty Freidan?
She broke new ground by exploring the idea of women finding personal fulfillment outside of their traditional roles. She also helped advance the women's rights movement as one of the founders of the National Organization for Women
Who is Rosa Parks?
She is a African American that would not give up her seat in the front of the bus to a white person.
How did Martin Luther King die?
Shot while standing on the balcony outside his second-story room at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee. James Earl Ray killed him.
What is SCLC?
Southern Christian Leadership Conference. An African-American civil rights organization. SCLC, which is closely associated with its first president, Martin Luther King Jr., had a large role in the American Civil Rights Movement. 100 people made it up
What was Brown v Board of Ed decision?
State-sanctioned segregation of public schools was a violation of the 14th amendment and was therefore unconstitutional.
What is AIM?
The American Indian Movement
What was the ERA?
The Equal Rights Amendment is a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution designed to guarantee equal rights for all citizens regardless of sex; it seeks to end the legal distinctions between men and women in terms of divorce, property, employment, and other matters.
What is reverse discrimination?
The practice or policy of favoring individuals belonging to groups known to have been discriminated against previously.
What was the role of the NAACP?
The mission of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate race-based discrimination. Oldest and most powerful.
What happened in Mississippi in 1964?
The murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner, also known as the Freedom Summer murders, the Mississippi civil rights workers' murders or the Mississippi Burning murders, involved three activists that were abducted and murdered in Neshoba County.
What types if prejudice did African Americans face in the North?
They could not get high payed job and housing.
What was AIM's goals?
To remind the Americans of the Gov't long history of unfair treatment. They more radical members took over Alcatraz Island and in 1973 occupied wounded knee and had an armed clash with federal marshalls.
What is a sit-in?
a form of protest in which demonstrators occupy a place, refusing to leave until their demands are met.
Who was Oliver Brown?
a minister in his local Topeka, KS, community, challenged Kansas's school segregation laws in the Supreme Court. Mr. Brown's 8-year-old daughter, Linda, was a black girl attending fifth grade in the public schools in Topeka when she was denied admission into a white elementary school
What is the Nation of Islam?
an African American political and religious movement, founded in Detroit, Michigan, United States, by Wallace D. Fard Muhammad. Blacks should separate from whites.
Who was Mohandas Gandhi?
an Indian activist who was the leader of the Indian independence movement against British rule.
What was the Voting Act of 1975?
he Act's special provisions, which originally were set to expire. required areas to with large numbers of non-English speaking people populations to hold bi-lingual elections.
What were Jim Crow Laws?
laws that enforced racial segregation in the South
