Physiology Lab 4: Polygraph Testing and Electreoencephalography

Exercise

Planned, structured, and repetitive body movement done to imrpove or maintain physical fitness

What is an instrument?

A device for recording, indicating, or measuring especially in a controlled system

What is a polygraph?

A lie detector test, that records changes in several physiological variables (heart rate, respiratory rate, and galvanic skin response) in order to determine if the subject is answering truthfully or not.

What is myoglobin?

A red protein containing heme that carries and stores oxygen in muscle cells. It is structurally similar to a subunit of hemoglobin. Myoglobin contributes to the dark color of slow twitch muscle fibers

How do you remember Afferent vs Efferent?

Afferent Arriving, neurons that carry nerve impulses from receptors or sense organs toward the Central Nervous System Efferent Exits- neurons that carry nerve impulses away from the CNS to effectors such as muscles or glands

What is physical fitness?

An individual's ability to perform physical activity. The less restrictions an individual has on their movement the more physically fit the individual is

What does BMI (Body mass index) assess?

BMI assesses weight (kg) relative to height^2 (m^2). Because it does not account for body composition it is a crude estimate of whether or not an individual is maintaining a healthy weight.

What should effective exercise programs include?

Both aerobic activities and resistance training to maximize cardiovascular health as well as improved bone density and muscle strength

Autonomic Nervous System

Efferent division of the nervous system that is responsible for control of bodily functions not consciously directed, such as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes

Galvanic Skin Response (GSR)

Electrodermal activity that is associated with the sympathetic nervous system. It is affected by sweat gland activity and skin responses on the palmar surface of the hand. If the sympathetic branch is highly aroused, the sweat gland activity increases and the skin will be more electrically conductive, leading to a higher GSR reading

Why does the body raise heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature in response to increased physical activity?

The body raises those variables in order to support greater ATP production to match the increased demand of the working musculature

Where is glycogen stored?

Glycogen is mostly found in the liver, although it is stored in muscles in small amounts as well as in the glial cells of the brain.

What is phosphagen?

High energy phosphate storage compounds, found in muscular tissues, that allow a high energy pool to be maintained in a concentration range, if it were all just ATP then other enzymatic reactions could utilize the ATP and ruin the storage. Phosphagens are used for immediate but short release of energy. Composed of creatine donating a phosphate to ADP, only lasts a few seconds.

What are adaptations of skeletal muscle fibers to facilitate high energy production?

Hundreds of mitochondria, presence of myoglobin, sympathetic nervous system dilation of arteriole blood vessels leading to increasd blood supply carrying more oxygen and removing metabolic wastes

What does calories burned via catabolism depend on?

Individual body weight, type of exercise activity, and how long the exercise was performed

What is electroencephalography?

Measurements of the electrical activity of the brain

Anaerobic Glycolysis

Sustains muscle contraction for 30 seconds by breaking down glucose into pyruvate and NADH, then (when no oxygen is present) breaking down the pyruvate and NADH to form lactic acid and ATP. Can also utilize glycogen muscle stores by first converting it into glucose via glycogenolysis.

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Sympathetic Division- short term response to acute stress "fight or flight" Parasympathetic DIvision- controls "rest and digest" functions

What is the mnemonic for remembering sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system divisions?

Sympathetic- stress (fight or flight) Parasympathetic- peace (controls "rest and digest", sexual arousal)

What are the underlying principles involved in using the polygraph as a lie detector?

The autonomic nervous system control of respiratory rate, heart rate, blood pressure and flow, and sweating cannot be consciously altered. Changes in emotion via lying can involuntarily and subconsciouly alter these physiological variables in a recognizable way

What do the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system do?

They can affect the same organs or tissues but exert contrasting effects. ex: Both systems regulate heart rate, but the sympathetic nervous system has a higher heart rate than when the parasympathetic nervous system is dominant

What does diastolic blood pressure change when standing?

When sitting blood pools in your legs, upon standing there is a momentary drop in pressure. Baroreceptors sense this drop and stimulate the heart to beat faster, blood vessels contract and increased pressure pumps the pooled blood upward.

Why does pulse rate increase when changing body position?

When standing blood flows to lower extremities and then back to the heart against gravity causing the heart to pump harder, whereas lying down eliminates this factor.