chapter 26: China 4.0

economic growth; undermine order bakufu sought to preserve; use of fertilizer; rice; cotton; indigo; production in the market; 22 million to 29 million; 29 million to 32 million; Birth control; abortion; infanticide; thinning out the rice shoots; Japan was land poor; followed Confucian ranks; most prominent and privileged class; social position of ruling Elites; daimyo and Samurai; reduce numbers of armed professional Warriors; turn their talents to scholarship; came in form of rice collected from peasant cultivators; Brokers; became indebted to rice brokers and declined into poverty; 1M; purchased elite ranks; improve their social standing

By ending civil conflict and maintaining stability, Tokugawa shoguns set stage for ____. Ironically, peace and economy encouraged social change that ____. Economic growth had roots in increased agricultural production as new crop strains, new methods of irrigation, and ____ increased yields of ___. Production of ___, silk, ___, and sake also increased and in many parts of Japan, villages moved away from farming in favor of ____. Increased agricultural production brought demographic growth and during 17th-century, Japanese population went from ____. Thereafter, Japan underwent demographic transition, as families practiced population control so between 1700 and 1850 Japanese population grew moderately from _____. ____, late marriage, and ___ played roles in limiting population growth but principal control measure was ___ referred to as the "_____". Japanese families committed infanticide because _____ and populations in some areas had strained resources. The Tokugawa era was also age of social change and because of Chinese cultural influences, the Japanese social hierarchy ____, with ruling Elites (along With Shogun, daimyo, Samurai) as _____. Beneath, peasants, artisans, and merchants at the bottom. Extended period of peace ushered in Tokugawa rule undermine _____. Since the 12th century, administration of local Affairs fell mostly to ____. Once Japan was stable, interest iof Tokugawa authorities was to ____, so they pushed daimyo and Samurai to become bureaucrats. They even encouraged daimyo and Samurai to _____, a pursuit their ancestors would utterly despise. As they lost their custom place in society, many of the ruling Elite also fell into financial difficulty and their principal income _____. They converted rice into money through ___ but the price of rice did not keep pace with other costs. Moreover, daimyo and Samurai lived in expensive style and many ____. Japanese cities experienced growth along with merchant class, as population of Edo reached ___ in 1700. Rice dealers, pawnbrokers, and Merchants also controlled more wealth than ruling Elites and those who became especially wealthy ____ or contracted marriages with Elite families in an effort to ____.

ukiyo; floating worlds; escape from social responsibilities and rules; fiction and theater; Ihara Saikaku; love; the life of a man who lived for love; appealed to Urban residents who would not inclined over neo-Confucian treatises; Kabuki theater; ability to improvise and embellish the dialogue; bunraku; puppets; execute most intricate movements; Francis Xavier; opened mission to seek converts to Christianity; establish trade and Military alliance with Europeans; 150,000; 300,000; concerns Christianity might serve as bridge for alliances and therefore, instability

Centers of Tokugawa Urban culture were ___ (____), entertainment and pleasure quarters of theaters and baths offered _____. In contrast to the serious proceedings of Imperial Court, popular culture of urban residents was secular and main expressions of the lively Culture were ___. ____ helped create new genre of prose literature, books of the floating world. Most of his fiction revolved around __ and ____, chronicled the experiences of a townsman who devoted his life to a quest for sexual pleasure. His treatment of Love stress the erotic and his stories ____. Beginning in early 17th century, two new forms of drama became popular. ____, which featured several acts consisting of lively skits were stylized acting combined with lyrics singing, dancing, staging. The crucial component was after the _____. Another dramatic form was ____, Puppet Theater. Chanters accompanied music-told story acted out by _____ and manipulated by a team of three, each puppet could ___. Alongside new Confucianism, native learning, and middle-class popular culture, Christian missionaries and European Merchants contributed their own distinctive culture. The Jesuit ____ traveled to Japan in 1589 and ____ and in early Decades of their mission, Jesuits experienced remarkable success. Several daimyo adopted Christianity and ordered subjects to do likewise as the principal interest was to _______. Many Japanese converts became enthusiastic Christians and worked to convert others to the new face. By 1580s, ____ Japanese had converted by 1615, _____. Popularity of Christianity generated backslash among government officials and moralits trying to preserve Japanese cultural Traditions. The shogun restricted European access to Japan because of _____.

Song Dynasty; Ming and Qing dynasties; could not support their weight; inspired arousal among men; demonstrated the ability to support women; arranging favorable marriages; uncertainty about her position in the household; performed rituals; there was no Offspring; disobedience; Agricultural Society; plowing the first furrow of the Season; intensive agriculture; increase the yields of rice, wheat, and Millet; 17th century; approached the upper limits of agricultural productivity; Corn, Sweet potatoes, and peanuts; 100 M; 160 M; 140 M; 160 M; 225 M

Foot binding originated in the ___ and became popular during ___. This deformed the feet of woman, so they ____ and small dainty feet ____. The practice became widespread among wealthy classes because it ____ and commoners bounded feet of especially pretty girls in hopes of ____. Marriage was principally occurring to continue male line of descent. Brides became members of husband's family, as there was no _____. On wedding day, the bride ____ demonstrating obedience to husband and new family. Woman could not divorce their husbands but men could put aside wives in case _____, what was guilty of adultery, theft, ____, or because they were too talkative. Custom and law combined to strengthen patriarchal Authority, but family life continued to develop among traditional lines. China was an ___ and the emperor acknowledged essential importance of Agriculture by ____. Only a fraction of China's land is suitable for planting and to feed the country's large population, China's Farmers relied on ____. On its strong agricultural Foundation, China built large population and most commercialized economy of pre-industrial world. By intensively cultivating every parcel of land, Chinese peasants ____ until ___. After that peasants _____, and Spanish Merchants coming from the Philippines introduced American food crops to China. ____ permitted Farmers to take advantage of soils and increase the food supply. In spite of epidemic diseases, China's population rose from ____ in 1500 to _____ in 1600. It fell to _____ due to rebellion in mid-17th century, but returned to _____ by 1700, then surging to _____ by 1750.

Beijing; self ringing Bells; Macau; Matteo Ricci; capturing Emperor's attention mechanical clocks and persuading him and his subjects to convert to Christianity; Wanli; very popular in Elite Society; better if they presented the bells to the officials they dealt with; showed no interest in Christianity; small numbers

In 1601 mechanical clock chimed for the first time in ___. In early 1580s, devices the Chinese called ___ arrived at ____, where Portuguese wowed local authorities with their chiming clocks. Reports spread throughout China and Beyond Beijing and Roman Catholic missionary _____ conceived idea of ______. From Macau, he let authorities know he could Supply the Emperor of a chiming clock and when Emperor ___ granted and permission to travel to Beijing, Ricci took a clock for the public and a small bell for the emperor. The clocks enchanted the emperor and his court and became ____ as wealthy Chinese Merchants paid handsomely for the devices and Europeans found their business and China went ______. By the eighteenth-century Imperial Court maintain Workshop manufacturer and repair the clocks and watches, and though most Chinese cannot afford mechanical clocks, commoners could buy the bells. Outside Beijing, Ricci and missionaries installed large mechanical cloth that attracted crowds and Neighbors when it struck the hours. The emperor _____ and missionaries attracted ____ yet by opening doors of the Imperial courts to missionaries, Bell symbolize increasing engagement between Asianz and Europeans.

went to school in China; Chinese language/literature; wrote their works in Chinese; Buddhism and Confucianism; neo-Confucianism; ideological underpinning for the bakufu; received constant exposure to new Confucian values; official ideology of Tokugawa bakufu; establish sense of Japanese identity; alien Imports; folk tradition and Indigenous Shinto religion for Japanese identity; foreign influence as dumb; prosperous Merchant class; popular culture; Kyoto

Japan ____ and Chinese influences continued throughout Tokugawa era. Formal education begin with study of ____ and in late 19th century, many Japanese Scholars ____ and common people practiced ____ as most influential philosophical system. Like Ming and Qing Emperors, the Tokugawa shoguns promoted ___. With its emphasis on filial piety and loyalties for superiors, it provided ____. Shoguns patronised scholars who advocated neo-confucian views and all those who had formal education ____. By 18th century, neo-Confucianism became ____. Even with Tokugawa sponsorship, new Confucianism did not dominant intellectual life and although most Scholars recognized Japan's debt Chinese traditions, some sought to _____. During 18th century Scholars of native learning scorned neo-Confucianism and even Buddhism as ___ and emphasized the importance of _____. Many scholars viewed native learning of Japanese people superior to all others, and regarded ____. They urged study of Japanese Classics and glorified purity of Japanese Society before other foreign influences. While scholarship neo-Confucianismn and native learning debated issues of philosophy, emergence of ____ encouraged development of ____. During 17th and 18th century, middle-class flourished in cities such as ______, Edo, and Osaka, where Japanese creative Talent catered to middle-class appetites.

Christian conviction in their faith as the only true doctrine; halted Christian missions; renounce their faith; tortured and executed Christian missionaries who refused to leave, and Japanese who refused to renounce the faith; crucifixion or burning at the stake; Cristovao Ferreira; adopted Buddhism; anti-christian campaign; Dutch; principal source of information; learned Dutch; Dutch learning; lifted the ban on foreign books; anatomy and botany; linear perspective; improve calendars

Meanwhile, Buddhism Confucian Scholars resented ____, and some Japanese Converse eventually rejected their faith out of frustration. Between 1587 and 1639, Shoguns made decrees that ____ and forced Japanese Christians to ____. And 1612, shoguns began enforcement of those degrees and _____. They often executed victims by ____. The campaign was so effective that even some European missionaries abandon Christianity, most notably _____, head of the Jesuit mission in Japan, who give up Christianity under torture, ___ and interrogated many Europeans. By late 17th century, ___ claimed tens and thousands of lives and Christianity survived in secret. Tokugawa policies ensured that Christianity would not reappear soon but they did not entirely prevent contact. After 1639, ___ Merchants trading at Nagasaki became Japan's ____ and small number of Japanese Scholars ____ in order to communicate. Their studies, which they call the ____, brought considerable knowledge of the outside world to Japan and after 1720, Tokugawa authorities ____ and that's when he began to play a significant role in Japanese life. Japanese scholars were interested in ____ and Scholars translated Dutch medical and scientific Treatises into Japanese, and learned how to draw according to the principles of ____. European astronomy was all so popular and enabled Scholars to ____ and buy mid-eighteenth Century, Tokugawa shoguns became enthusiastic proponents of Dutch learning and European medicine schools flourished.

one large family; Filial piety; children towards father; subject toward Emperor; patriarchal; Father; eldest son; honoring male line of descent; look after parents; clan; maintenance of local order; opportunity to succeed in the Civil Service examinations; self-interest; prestige to the entire Clan; transmission of Confucian values; woman to authority of men; might become government official and bring honor to the family; marry and become members of other households; primary victims of infanticide; honor memories of departed husband

Moralist portrayed Chinese people as ___ and extended family values to larger society. ___ implied duties of ____ and loyalty of ___. Like in imperial government, Chinese families were hierarchical, ____, and authoritarian. ___ was head of household and past leadership of family to the ____. Veneration of ancestors strengthened Authority Patriarchs by ____. Filial piety was Cornerstone a family values, as children had the duty to ____ and a crucial obligation to support parents at old age. Young children heard stories of sons who cut off parts of the body to ensure the parents had enough to eat. Social assumptions of Chinese family extended to group such as a ___ and sometimes number into the thousands, clan members came from all social classes. Clans assumed responsibilities that exceeded capacities of nuclear family, such as ____, organization of local economies, and provision for welfare. Clan-supported education gave poor but compromising relatives _____. Principal motives behind the charity were ____ as well as altruism. Government position brought _____, and educational support was a good investment and, clans served as means for ____ from the gentry to all social classes. Within family, Confucian principles subjected ____ and subordination begin at an early age. Chinese parents preferred boys because boys _____. Parents regarded girl as a social and financial liability because after years of expensive upbringing, most girls would _____. Newborns girls were ____. During the dynasties, patriarchal authority over males became tighter than ever, since ancient times discouraged widows from remarriage, but social pressure was increased during the Ming Dynasty, as friends and relatives encouraged widows to _____ and sometimes commit suicide to follow the husband to the grave.

silk and porcelain; American silver; Dutch Batavia; silk and porcelain; silver and Indonesian spices; southeast Asia; technological innovations; Tang and Song dynasties; Ming; European cannons and firearms for their uses; encouraged technological innovation on foundation of military and economic strength; political and social stability; increase production; making large investments in the new technologies; European embark on round of technological innovation beginning in 18th century; scholar-bureaucrats and gentry; slightly above; came from gentry ranks; rejoined gentry society

Nevertheless, thousands of Chinese Merchants worked individually or in partnerships, exchanging ____ for ____. They were also frequent visitors of ___ where they supplied the VOC with ____ in exchange for _____. Chinese Merchants ventured in lands throughout ___ in search of exotic tropical products for Chinese customers and the early modern era was where Merchants established permanent Chinese presence throughout Southeast Asia. China's economic expansion took place in the absence of ____. During _____ Chinese Engineers produced many inventions and China was world leader in technology. By ___ times, technological innovations slowed and Imperial forces adopted ____, but did not innovate anything. Part of this had to do with government as during Tang and Song dynasties, imperial government had _____. And Ming and Qing dynasties they favored ____ and feared technological innovation would lead to change. Abundance of skilled workers also discouraged technological innovation as employers wanted to ____ and found hiring additional workers less costly than ____. In the short-term, this tactic maintained prosperity in China, and kept most of population employed. Over long turn, it ensure that China lost technology and the _______. Except for Emperor and his family, _____ occupied most privileged positions. Scholar-bureucrats ranked ____ Gentry, but nevertheless they had much in common as they both ____ and after leaving government service they _____.

intermediaries between government and local society; management of society; wore distinctive clothing (black gowns with borders adorned with Insignia); commoners addressed them in horrific terms; call members of them to appear as Witnesses; immunity from corporal punishment and exemptions from labor services in taxes; pawn and rice shops; business partners of merchants; resided in cities and towns; peasants, artisans/ workers, and merchants; peasants; they performed honest labor and provided to that support of the entire population; higher incomes than peasants; Merchants; Morales looked upon them as social parasites; government policy was important to their Pursuits; bribery or profit-sharing arrangements; providing sons of education and preparing them for government examinations, resulting in the promotion; manufacturing and commerce; who could recognize opportunities; Forge relationships with government authorities; trade through official merchant guild in Guangzhou

Scholar bureaucrats and gentry functioned as _____ and by organizing water control projects and public security measures, they played a crucial role in ____. There are easy to identify as they _____ and ____. They received favorable legal treatment that reflected their privileged status, as commoners could not _____ and they enjoyed ______. Most owned land as a major source of income and as long as he did not have to perform labor they also supplemented their income by operating ____. They were also _____, but their principal source of income came from government service. In contrast to Elites elsewhere, Chinese Gentry ____. Confucian tradition ranked three classes of commoners below the Gentry: _____. The ___ were regarded the most honorable the three classes because ____. Artisans and workers had wide spectrum of occupations and despite their lower status, they enjoyed ____. They were usually employees of state, gentry, or merchant families but they also pursued occupations of self-employed people. ____ ranked at the bottom of the Confucian social hierarchy because _____. They had little legal protection, but ____. Chinese Merchants garnered official support for their Enterprises by ____ and the participation of gentry families in commercial Ventures blurred the distinction between Gentry and Merchants. Merchants blurred the distinction further by _____. Prominence of Artisans and Merchants pointed social and economic development of China since Confucian times. Although China was agricultural land, ____ became more important than before and as a result, those ____ had the potential to lead comfortable lives and climb into the privileged classes. Chinese merchants and Artisans did not ______ and late Ming & Ching authorities permitted Chinese Merchants to engage in small-scale Commerce and allowed foreigners to _____.

candidates came to the examination compound; proceeded to small rooms; spent all their time writing 8-legged essays (compositions with 8 sections); interruptions or communication; competition was ferocious; cheating candidates; 1 million; 20,000; few opportunities for employment; plowing with the writing brush; pursuit of formal education; social Mobility; all males regardless of age or social class; Confucianism would be at the heart of Chinese education;

The examinations were very hard, as at the appointed hour, ____. Candidates brought their necessities and after having their identities verified, they ____. The rooms were empty and for the next three days and two nights, the candidates _____ on questions posed by examinators. There were no ____ and if someone died, officials wraped his body and tossed it over the walls. The possibility of bureaucratic service ensured that ____ and as a result, ___ and corrupt examiners occasionally compromised the system. The degree did not ensure government Service as during the Qing Dynasty the empires ___ degree holders competed for ____ official Civil Service positions. Those who passed the exams had ____ and usually spent their careers ______ by teaching local schools are serving his tutors. Those who Passed took powerful positions. Examination system was pivotal and by opening the door to honor, power, and rewards, the examinations encouraged _____. Since the system did not erect social barriers before recruiting, it provided an avenue for ____, thought, years of education and travel to sites were expensive, so wealthy families had advantages, but the exams are open to ______. The education examination system most of the personal values of those who manage the Affairs of Imperial China and by concentrating on Confucian Classics and new Confucian commentaries, the examinations guarantee that _____ and that Confucians would govern the state.

promote rapid economic development; preserve stability of the society; adopt policies to strengthen merchants and state by authorizing merchants to pursue their efforts; military forces and mean people; forces as necessary evil; placing civilian bureaucrats in the highest command positions; slaves; Beggars of Jiangsu; boat people of Guangdong; support for Confucian tradition; creator of neo-confucianism; Confucius and Buddhim; used it's Doctrine to maintain stability in their Realms; 14-20th century; Hamlin Academy; Beijing; provincial schools throughout China; Confucian values; Yongle encyclopedia; collection of books; Complete library of the four treasures; seven;

Their principal concern was not to _____ but ____ and unlike their European counterparts, Chinese authorities and not _____. Beyond Confucian social hierarchy members of ____ were at the bottom, as Confucian Morales regarded ____ and attempted to avoid military dominance by ______. Mean people included __, servants, entertainers, prostitutes, other marginal groups like "___" and "_____". Imperial sponsorship of Chinese Cultural Traditions meant ____, especially systematized by Song-dynasty Scholar Zhu Xi, _____. He combined moral, ethical, and political values of ____ and emphasized self-discipline, filial piety, obedience to rulers which all _____. Cultural policies of the dynasties made new Confucian tradition main ideology in the ____. To promote Confucian values Ming and Qing emperors supported educational programs at several levels, and founded ____, research for Confucian scholars in ____, and maintained ____ to allow students to study for civil service examinations. Exams encouraged _____ because they focus on Confucian text and Confucian commentaries. Courts also provided funding for other projects such as_____. During the Qin Dynasty, Kangxi's _____ was smaller than the encyclopedia, but was printed and distributed and therefore became very influential. Qianlong's _____ was too large to publish but was deposited in __ libraries throughout China.

production could not keep pace with population; 19th century; had had access to large labor force; Japanese and American silver; Qing dynasty; silk, porcelain, lacquerware; Indian Ocean Basin; Europe; spices from Maluku; woolen textiles from Europe; silver bullion; supported the Chinese economy; Yongle; eunuch Zheng He; withdrew its support for maritime Expeditions; 1656; 1661; Kangxi; took off strict measures; closely supervised activities of foreign merchants; Macau; deal exclusively with merchant guilds in Guangzhou; organization of large-scale commercial Ventures; organize large trading firms like the VOC

This rapid demographic caused economic and social problems because _____ and problems occurred beginning in ____. While increasing population placed pressure on resources, growing commercial Market offered opportunities and because of demographic expansion, entrepreneurs _____ that was mobile, and would be able to recruit workers at low cost. After mid-sixteenth Century, Chinese economy benefited from ____ which simulated trade and influence commercial expansion. Global trade brought prosperity to China especially during the ____. Chinese workers produced ____ for consumers in ____, Central Asia, and ___. Silk industry was organized, as weavers worked in workshops and Chinese Imports were relatively few. They included ____, exotic products from tropical regions, and _____. Compensation from exports came as ___ which _____ and fueled manufacturing. Economic growth and commercialization expansion took place in atmospheres of government regulation, as during the early 15th century Ming Emperor ___ sought to establish Chinese presence in Indian Ocean Basin and sponsored 7 expeditions led by ____. After Yongle, government _____ and an effort to pacify starving child during the late seventeenth Century, the government tried to end Maritime activity altogether. Imperial Edict of ___ forbade "even a plank from drifting to the sea" and in ___ Emperor ___ evacuated southern coastal regions. These policies had limited effect, and when Qing forces pacified China in 1680s, government authorities ____. Thereafter Qing authorities _____ and permitted Portuguese Merchants to operate only at ___ and British agents to ____. While limiting activities of foreign Merchants, government policies discouraged ____ and an absence of government approval made it was impossible to construct large ships and ______.

tensions between Manchu and Chinese; Kangxi and Qianlong; Kangxi; Confucian; reader and writer; flood control and irrigation projects; Taiwan; forstalled nomadic invasions; Central Asia; Caspian Sea; Tibet; Qianlong; Turkestan; Vietnam; height of the dynasty; composed more than a hundred thousand poems; canceled tax collection four times; paid less attention to Imperial Affairs and put many of his responsibilities on his eunuchs

Until 19th-century, strong leadership muted ____. The reigns of ____ helped Manchus consolidate their hold. ___ was ___ scholar and enlightened ruler. He was also a ____ and studied Confucian Classics, which he applied to his teachings. He organized ____ and patronize Confucian schools and Academies. She was also a conqueror and conquered ___. And ____ by projecting Chinese influence ___. His conquests in Mongolia and Central Asia extended to ____, and he imposed Chinese state over __. His grandson, ___, sought to consolidate Kangxi's conquests in Central Asia by maintaining military troops and encouraging Merchants to settle in ___. He also made ___, Burma, and Nepal vassal States. His Reign marked the _____ as, like his grandfather, he was a sophisticated and learned man. He ______ and was an expert in painting and calligraphy. During his Reign, Imperial treasury bowled so much that he ____. Towards the end of his reign, he _____ and his successors continued that practice, so by 19th-century, dynasty was facing difficulties.

famine; 17th century; organize relief efforts; revolted; invaded the North in search of opportunities for expansion; crushed the rebels; Avengers who save the capital but instead displaced the dynasty; Qing Dynasty; traded with China for a long time; Nurhaci; made code of laws; expelled Ming troops Manchuria; military prowess; deserted the Ming because of his corruption; Scholars than the emperors and high administrators of the dynasty; outlawed intermarriage; learning Manchurian language; shave the fronts of their heads

When ___ struck China in the ____ the government was unable to _____ and peasants ____. Furthermore, Manchu forces ____ and in 1644, rebel forces captured Beijing. Manchu invaders allied with an army loyal to the Ming, _____, and recovered Beijing. Manchus portrayed themselves as ____. When the dynasty fell, the Manchus came from Manchuria and proclaimed the _____. They were mostly pastoral nomads though many had turned to Agriculture and their ancestors had ____. During the 16th and 17th centuries, ____ unified Manchus into a centralized state, ____, and organize them into a military force. During 1620-1630s Mantua _____, captured Korea and Mongolia, and launched invasions in China. After seizing Beijing, they move to extend their authority to China and for almost 40 years they went against the Ming. The establishment of the Qing dynasty was due to _____ and Chinese support, as many Chinese generals _____, Confucian bureaucrats despised the eunuchs who dominated the court, and Manchu ruling Elites ( who are schooled in Chinese language and Confucian thought) enjoyed more respect from _____ that sells. Manchus were careful to preserve their cultural identity as they ____, forbade Chinese from traveling to Manchuria and _____, and forced Chinese men to _____.

Ming (brilliant) Dynasty; Hongwu; tightly centralized State; mandarins and eunuchs; Yongle; Indian Ocean Basin; from Nanjing to Beijing; had lost their effectiveness; the Great Wall of China along the northern border; Fourth Century BC; late fifteenth and sixteenth century; eradicated Mongol influences; abandoned Mongol names and dress; Confucianism; Civil Service examinations; east coast; led to disruption of societies; dysfunctional Imperial government; lived extravagantly in the Forbidden City in Beijing; ignored Affairs for decades while satisfying their appetites; Wanli; use their position to lead lives of luxury; corruption spread and weakened the Ming

When the Yuan Dynasty collapsed, the ___ restored rule to China. ____ was the founder of the Dynasty, drove Mongols out of China, and built a _____. As Emperor he made extensive use of _____. _____ launched Naval Expeditions throughout ____ and showed Chinese colors while maintaining centralized State. Ming Emperors were determined to prevent invasions and then 1421 yongle move capital ____ to keep closer watch a Mongols. The early Ming Emperors commanded powerful armies, but by mid-fifteenth Century they ______. Ming emperors protected themselves by building ______. The wall dated back to _____ as one first emperor of the Qin dynasty ordered the construction along the third Century BC. The early walls have fallen to ruin. Workers by the hundreds labor throughout the _____ and the Great Wall was 2500 km long and 15 meters tall. The Ming Emperors also _____ and created civil society. Individuals ______ in respect for Chinese traditions such as ___ provided financial support for academies and colleges. Most importantly, Emperors restored ______. Early Ming rule did not survive Beyond mid-sixteenth century. From 1522 and 1560s, Pirates and Smugglers operated on the ____ of China and both Navy and coastal defenses were ineffective, so conflicts ______. Suppression of pirates took 40 years because of ______. Emperors ______, and received news about the outside world from eunuch servants and administrators. The emperor sometimes _____ one example is Emperor ___, who refused to meet with government officials because he was conducting business eunuch intermediaries. eunuchs won favor of leader Ming Emperors by finding concubines and therefore ______ and as their influence increased, ______.

popular culture; advanced education and knew little about Confucius, Zhu Xi, and others; popular novels; had little to do with the real world; produce books cheaply and in large quantities; the Romance of the Three Kingdoms; The dream of the red chamber; Dynamics of wealthy scholar-gentry families; Journey to the West; Buddhist monk Xuanzang; Maxine Hong Kingston; Tripmaster monkey

While Imperial courts promoted Confucianism, ____ took states and cities as most Urban residents did not have______. Many of them were literate merchants and preferred entertainment in local tea houses and wine shops, as shown in ___. Confucian Scholars looked down at popular novels as crude as they _____. Printing made it possible to _____ and urban residents usually consumed. Many of the novels had literary merit, and offered Reflections on the world and human Affairs for example, ______, which explored political Intrigue following collapse of the Han Dynasty. _____ told story of cousins in love who could not marry because of their family's wishes and it shed light on the _____. _____ was 7th century Century journey of ____, who traveled with a monkey with magical powers, and the monkey became a widely celebrated character in Chinese literature. Chinese American novelists _____ adopted this character to modern times in her novel _____.

Nestorian Christians; the Yuan Dynasty; disappeared and only returned in 16th century; Jesuits; Matteo Ricci; study of Chinese language and Confucian Classics; had learned Chinese and Spoke fluently with Confucian scholars; European science, technology, and gadgets; correct Chinese maps that miscalculated solar eclipses; high-quality bronze cannons; glass prisms; harpsichords; self-wringing Bells (clocks that chimed the hour); the true meaning of the Lord of Heaven; doctrine of Confucius and Jesus were very similar, over the years you Confucian Scholars had altered Confucius' teaching, so adoption of Christianity would represent a return to a more pure Confucianism; Chinese to continue venerating their ancestors; 200,000 Chinese; Chinese honored Confucianism, Daoism, and do some at the same time for many years, and Christianity (and Islam) was very exclusive and claimed to be the only true religion. This implied that Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism or inferior and the Chinese were not willing to accept that; of squabbles between Jesuits and Franciscans and Dominicans; complain to Pope about Jesuits' tolerance of ancestor veneration and willingness to conduct Chinese-language Services; accordance to European standards; Kangxi; European scientific knowledge known in China and China known in Europe; Confucian civil service system; Rationality of Confucianism; Marco Polo; first-hand observations of China available to European and stimulated European interest in East Asian societies

____ had established churches in China in 7th century and Roman Catholic communities were prominent during ____. After plague and collapse of Yuan Dynasty, Christianity _____. The most prominent missionaries were ___, and founder of the mission to China was ___, who had the goal of converting China to Christianity beginning with emperor Wanli. He was brilliant and a good Diplomat and became popular in the main Court. Upon arriving in Macau he immersed himself in _____ as he had a talent for languages and good memory. By the time you traveled to Beijing, he ____. His mastering the Chinese language and literature, it opened doors for the Jesuits who dazzled their hosts with _____. They had an advanced education in math and astronomy and we're able to _____ and they also prepared maps of the world with China in the middle on basis of geographic knowledge Europeans had gained. They even supervised casting of _____ for the armies. Jesuits made the Chinese curious with their mechanical devices and ____ became popular along with ____ and the _____. Jesuits taught to capture Chinese interest with European Science and Technology but the main goal is to convert people and they portrayed Christianity as a face similar to cultural traditions of China. Richie wrote a treaty called ______ and argued that ______. Jesuits also have religious services in Chinese language and allowed _____ but in spite of their flexibility, they attracted to converts. Only ___ had converted because ______. Ultimately Roman Catholic Mission in China ended because _____ who also sought Converse. Jealous of the Jesuits' presence at the Imperial Court, Franciscans and Dominicans ____. Pope side with the critics and an early 18th-century issued proclamations ordering ____. In response to that, emperor ___ ordered end to preaching of Christianity and although he did not strictly enforce the ban, the mission weekend and by 18th century came to an end. Catholic mission to China did not attract large numbers but had important cultural effect. Besides making ____. And letters, reports, and other writings distributed throughout Europe, the Jesuits describe how China was orderly and rational in the ____ attracted attention of European rulers who began to design their own bureaucracy is in the 18th century. ____ also appealed to European thinkers, who saw alternatives to Christianity and for the first time since ___, Jesuits made _____.

Shogun; military governor; retainers; military services; temporary standing for the Japanese emperor, the ultimate source of power; the emperor was nothing more than a figurehead and the Shogun monopolized the power; was in Civil War; Sengoku; country at War; Tokugawa leyasu; Tokugawa bakufu; tent government; to stabilize country and prevent return of Civil War; daimyo; great names; near absolute rulers; maintained government; established relationships with Europeans and learned how to manufacture and use gunpowder; Edo; alternate attendance; maintain their families at Ido and spend every other year at the Tokugawa court; keep an eye on the daimyo; spend their money on lavish residences and comfortable lives rather than investing in military forces; controlled relations between Japan and outside world; issued edicts that restricted Japanese relations with other lands (remained in effect for more than two centuries); going abroad (on pain of death); import of foreign books; Chinese and Dutch; Nagasaki; lost the restrictions

from 12-16th century, ___ (____) ruled Japan through __ who receive political rights and Estates in exchange for ____. Theoretically the Shogun was _____. In fact _____. After 14th century conflicting ambitions of Shogun and retainers led to turmoil in by 16th Century Japan _____ refered to as the era of __ (____). Towards the end of sixteenth-century powerful states emerged in several regions in series of military leader has brought you in the unification of the land. And 1600 ____ who established military governance known as _____ (_____). He and his descendants ruled bakafu as Shoguns until the end of the Tokugawa Dynasty. Principal aim of Tokugawa shoguns was _____ and consequently, they needed to control the ___ (____), powerful territorial Lords who ruled Japan from their landholdings. The 260 daimyo functioned as ____ within their domains and each ____ staffed by military, judiciary, schools, and paper money. After the 16th century, the daimyo _____ and during last decades of of the Sengoku Era they played prominent Affairs in Japanese conflict. From Castles town of __, the Shogun governed his personal domain and sought to extend control over the daimyo, therefore instituting policy of ____. This required daimyo to ____ and this enabled Shoguns to ____ and the side effect, encouraged daimyo to _____. Shoguns also subjected marriage alliances between daimyo families to approval, discouraged daimyo from visiting one another,required daimyo to obtain permits for construction of castles, permission for meetings between the daimyo an emperor. In effort to prevent European influence, the Tokugawa shoguns ____ as they feared that Europeans might jeopardize the security of the bakufu. During the 1630s the shogun's ____ .The policy forbade Japanese from ____ and prohibited construction of large ships. And expelled Europeans from Japan, prohibited Merchants when trading in Japanese ports, and forbade _____. This policy only slightly controlled trade with Asian lands and permitted small numbers of ____ Merchants to trade under restrictions in southern Port of ___. During 17th century, Japanese authorities enforced that policy and when Portuguese merchant ship arrived in Nagasaki in hopes of engaging in trade, officials beheaded 61 of the party in spared 13 so they could spread their experience. Gradually authorities ____ and the policy never lft Japan in complete isolation and throughout the Tokugawa dynasty, Japan carried on a flourishing trade with China, Korea, Taiwan, and Ryukyu Islands.

Manchus; same governmental the Ming emperor established; centralized State administered through bureaucracy staff by Confucian Scholars; the son of heaven; concubines and eunuchs; Authoritative; forbidden to all others; perform the kowtow; faced severe punishment, even highest officials; scholar-bureaucrats appointed by the emperor; scholar-gentry; Civil Service examinations; at an early age; only to men; thousands of characters necessary for Confucian curriculum; restricted; 300 students; took the examination several times before earning a degree

thought Qing rulers appointed ___ to highest political posts, they relied on _____. Both dynasties used ____. Emperor of China was not quite a God but he was more than a mortal. Chinese tradition hold that he was ______, human being designed by having powers to maintain order on Earth. He led a privileged life within the Forbidden City as hundreds of ____ looked after him and his daily activities were performed in inspections, audiences, banquets, and official duties. Everything about this person was ___ and the Imperial wardrobe designs were _____ and their names were taboo throughout the realm. Individuals who had privilege of having an audience with the emperor had to _____ and those who gave minor offense ____. Governance fell to _____ and with few exceptions, these officials came from highly educated and literate men known as ____. These men had academic degrees, through passing _____. Preparation for the examinations began ____ and took place in local schools while also being open ___. Wealthy families Engage The Services of tutors who made education available to Girls. By the time students were 11 and 12, they memorized _____ including the analects of Confucius. They followed those studies with instructions and calligraphy, poetry, and essay writing. Students also became familiar with commentaries, histories, and literary works. The Civil Service examinations were test administered in the district, provincial, and Metropolitan levels. Number of successful candidates were ____, as only ____ could pass and students frequently _____.