chapter 26
A transport mechanism that can move a substance against a concentration gradient by using cellular energy is
active transport
urinary system regulate blood volume and pressure by
adjusting volume of water lost in urine, release erythropoietin and renin, regulate NaCL levels in blood
Substances larger than ________ are normally not allowed to pass through the filtration membrane.
albumin
Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) in the glomerulus is generated by presence of
albumin proteins in blood plasma
Filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule normally contains A) hydrogen ions. B) water. C) nutrients. D) urea. E) All of the answers are correct.
all
Insoluble deposits that form within the urinary tract from calcium salts, magnesium salts, or uric acid are called kidney stones or renal
calculi
The glomeruli are best described as being tufts of A) arteries. B) veins. C) venules. D) capillaries. E) arterioles.
capillaries
which of the following components of the nephron is largely confined to the renal medulla
collecting ducts
muscle that compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra
detrusor muscle
The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the
distal convoluted tubule
the region known as the macula densa is part of the
distal convoluted tubule
Agents that increase urine excretion are known as
diuretics
Your doctor has diagnosed you with prostatitis, an inflammation and swelling involving the prostate gland. One of your primary symptoms is
dribbling urination
Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the
efferent arteriole
each of the following organ systems excretes waste to some degree EXCEPT the ______ system
endocrine
the filtration barrier in the renal corpuscle consists of which 3 layers? _____ glomerulus _____ of glomerulus _______ slits
endothelium, dense layer and podocyte filtration
The process of ________ involves a carrier protein that can transport a molecule across the cell membrane down its concentration gradient.
facilitated diffusion
the outer most layer of the kidney is the
fibrous capsule
term best matches the term calyx
final urine enters here
The condition called ________ is especially dangerous because the ureters or renal blood vessels can become twisted or kinked during movement.
floating kidney
the process of filtration occurs at the
glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following EXCEPT
increase glomerular filtration rate
One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to
increase secretion of renin by juxtaglomerular complex
what is NOT a normal constituent of urine
large proteins
which of the following activities is not related to kidney function
lipid digestion
The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of
loop of henle and collecting duct
large branches of the renal pelvis
major calyces
The U-shaped segment of the nephron is the
nephron loop
the _____ delivers urine to a minor calyx
papillary duct
the efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the _____ capillaries
peritubular
Capillaries that surround the proximal convoluted tubules are
peritubular capillaries
the renal corpuscle, the glomerular epithelium is a layer of specialized cells called
podocytes
________ is an inherited abnormality that affects the development and structure of kidney tubules.
polycystic kidney disease
which substance are NOT normally found in the filtrate
protein
Filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the
proximal convoluted tubule
You complain to the doctor about constant pain and discomfort in the low back area. What test might logically be recommended?
pyelogram
triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called
pyramids
Bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex
renal columns
Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and the glomerulus make up the
renal corpuscle
the filtration of plasma takes place in the
renal corpuscle
the inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is
renal failure
The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the
renal pelvis
the cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the
renal pelvis
the expanded beginning of the ureter connects to the
renal pelvis
an internal cavity line by the fibrous capsule
renal sinus
the _____ is the plasma concentration at which a specific compound will begin appearing in the urine
renal threshold
tubular reabsorption involved all of the following except
stem cell movements
glomerulonephritis may occur as a consequence of an infection with the bacterium
streptococcus
false regarding micturition
stretch receptors in bladder are stimulated by the warm temp of urine
The left kidney lies ________ to the right kidney.
superior
when the level of ADH decreases
the osmolarity of the urine decreases.
best matches the term renal papilla
the tip of the medullary pyramid
The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium.
transitional epithelium
The area of the urinary bladder bounded by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra is called the
trigone
the concentration at with all of the carriers for a given substance are saturated is the
tubular maximum
urine is carried to the urinary bladder by
ureters
urine is carried from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body by the
urethra
urine is eliminated through the
urethra
Urine is temporarily stored in the
urinary bladder
Regulates blood volume, contributes to stabilizing blood ph, eliminating organic waste products, regulating plasma concentration of electrolytes are things the ______ does
urinary system
regulates blood volume & BP, plasma concentration of certain ions, stabilize pH, conserves of valuable nutrients, functions of the
urinary system
In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce
urine with lower concentration of sodium ions
The ________ is a capillary bed that parallels the nephron loop (loop of Henle).
vasa recta
renal blood flow is about ______ liter/min
1
Approximately ________ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day.
180
the renal threshold for glucose is approximately _____mg/dl
180
Typical renal blood flow is about ________ ml/min under resting conditions. A) 500 B) 800 C) 1200 D) 1800 E) 2500
1800
As the filtrate passes through the renal tubules, approximately what percentage is reabsorbed and returned to the circulation?
99
a patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. this may be due to
absence of ADH
the primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is the
absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins and water
which of the following substances undergo tubular secretion
ammonium ions
increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.
antidiuretic hormone
under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures what are they
blood & capsular hydrostatic pressure & blood colloid osmotic pressure
the process of filtration is driven mainly by
blood hydrostatic pressure
80% of nephrons in the human kidney are located in the ____ and have short nephron loops
cortex
The majority of glomeruli are located in the ________ of the kidney.
cortex
In the process of ________ two substances are moved across a cell membrane in the same direction without directly using cellular energy. One of the substances can be moved against a concentration gradient by this process.
cotransport
Reabsorption of filtered glucose from the lumen in the PCT is largely by means of
cotransport
Chloride ion is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by
cotransport with Na and K ions
a higher sodium concentration is produced in the kidney medulla tissue that osmotically draws out water, reducing it within the tubules and the urine is what occurs in the
countercurrent multiplier process
Secretion of hydrogen ion by the PCT is by the process of A) diffusion. B) facilitated diffusion. C) active transport. D) cotransport. E) countertransport.
countertransport
The ________ test is often used to estimate the glomerular filtration rate.
creatinine clearance
The main force that causes filtration in a nephron is
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
_____ is/are an inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli that affects the filtration mechanisms of the kidneys
glomerulonephritis
a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle is the
glomerulus
the amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys each minute is called the
glomerulus filtration rate
the prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the
hilum
Substances secreted by the distal convoluted tubule include
hydrogen ions, penicillin, creatinine, potassium ions
normal constituent of urine are
hydrogen ions, urea, amino acids and creatinine
Changes that occur in the urinary system with aging include all of the following, except A) a decline in the number of functional nephrons. B) a reduction in the GFR (glomerular filtration rate). C) increased sensitivity to ADH. D) problems with the micturition reflex. E) loss of sphincter muscle tone.
increased sensitivity to ADH
the renal veins drain into the
inferior vena cava
The cells of the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells form the
juxtaglomerular complex
Nephrons located close to the medulla with long nephron loops are called
juxtamedullary
How is the kidney involved with normal bone ossification and development?
kidney produces calcitriol
If a urine sample is distinctly yellow in color, which of the following will be true? A) Its pH is below normal. B) It will have the odor of ammonia. C) It will contain large amounts of urobilin. D) It will contain excess chloride ion. E) It will have a low pH.
will contain large amounts of urobilin